Memory has been defined as traces left behind by past information processing. One approach to the study of everyday memory is to isolate reliable differences between individuals in the ways in which they process information when preparing for test events. The Inventory of Learning Processes, consisting of four scales, i.e., Deep Processing,…

A review was made of literature about individual differences in learning style. Four related topics were investigated: (1) learning style as the factor constituting individual differences among students; (2) the necessity of diagnosis to the learning style paradigm; (3) elements making up individual learning style differences; and (4) the…

The stability of sociometric measures and their use for classifying elementary-age children are discussed. This is an important topic because of the assumption that childhood social maladjustment is a very stable and consistent phenomenon. Sociometric scores were collected over a 7-month period in a study of potential developmental differences…

A survey was conducted to obtain teachers' opinions on school prayer and the proposed school prayer amendment currently before the United States Senate. Fifty-five teachers and two student teachers completed a seven page questionnaire which surveyed their personal religious practices and beliefs, their attitudes toward the proposed amendment, and…

This exploratory study was conducted to interpret age and individual differences in 48 kindergarteners' and second graders' performance on a referential communication task in light of the Pascual-Leone Theory of Constructive Operations, a neo-Piagetian theory of cognitive development. Stimulus materials were black and white photographs of dogs,…

This manual is part of a series of human relations programs designed to help individuals develop a sense of self worth and an awareness, understanding, and appreciation of human differences. The stress in these programs is on providing each individual with a model through which to evaluate his own actions and emotions. In this manual,…

This study examines the effects of different kinds of verbal instructions given by teachers on the performance of young children, investigating whether task performance is significantly affected by small changes in verbal content or in the sequence of components of an instruction. Kindergarten children (48 boys and 52 girls) were randomly assigned…

Two experiments investigating the efficiency of communication between 5th grade children from differing socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds are described. In each experiment, 40 same-sex pairs, half male and half female, were formed into dyadic groupings by combining lower- and middle-SES children into the four possible speaker-listener combinations.…

As distance learning plays an increasing role in adult education, instruction to older adults must be adapted for individual learner differences. Two stereotypic adult education client groups have been described: the SAVY adult (Schooled, Active, Verbal, Younger) and the ONUS adult (Older, Non-Verbal, Unschooled, Sedentary). Instructional methods…

Presented is a discussion of the nature of individual differences in the learning of mathematics, which leads to a review of field-dependent and field-independent cognitive styles. Field-dependence-independence is noted as an important variable in school learning and a study is cited that investigated the relationship between pupil success at…

In order to evaluate how individual characteristics of hospitalized children influence their acquisition of information presented in a film depicting preparation for surgery, 42 children between the ages of 4 to 17 were assigned to experimental and control groups that were matched for age, sex, race, type of surgery and previous hospital…

This study explored student perspectives on their work and play at school and examined why they engage in work and play. Nineteen eighth grade students, who were predominantly white, and of the middle or upper middle class, were the subjects. The students were asked to conduct an interviewer on a grand tour and then various mini-tours of their…

Research has found that differential attributional styles exist between depressed and nondepressed populations. Depressed (N=32) and nondepressed (N=32) undergraduate female students were selected on the basis of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. Participants performed a key press task where the…

In the school, concern about individual differences is still reserved almost exclusively for students, while professional personnel are being limited by assigned role functions, role expectations, performance, and criteria. One reason for this situation is that a power elite model of decision making is prevalent in today's schools. Another reason…

This report sets out to describe the emergence of new school design concepts during 1968-1975 in Australia. The report draws heavily on Western Australian sources particularly in the historical perspective prior to the 1960s. However, where possible developments are covered in all states and the two territories. An attempt is made to describe what…