People often make interpretations when they believe they are providing factual descriptions. To demonstrate unintentional interpretation, the author showed a brief ambiguous video clip and asked students to write descriptions of what they saw and heard. When students evaluated their responses, they discovered that 96% of the class wrote…

A long-standing issue in the study of how people acquire visual information centers around the scheduling and deployment of attentional resources: Is the process serial, or is it parallel? A substantial empirical effort has been dedicated to resolving this issue. However, the results remain largely inconclusive because the methodologies that have…

Outliers, extreme data values relative to others in a sample, may distort statistics that assume internal levels of measurement and normal distribution. The outlier may be a valid value or an error. Several procedures are available for identifying outliers, and each may be applied to errors of prediction from the regression lines for utility in a…

Recent research suggests that the examination of students' work may lead to changes in teaching practice that are more effective in terms of students' mathematical learning. However, the link between the examination of students' work and the teachers' actions in the classroom is largely unexamined, particularly at the secondary level. In this…

Reporting and interpreting (corrected) effect size indices can help readers of scientific reports understand the importance of those results more fully instead of just determining the likelihood of results assuming the null hypothesis. This study explored the frequency of effect reporting and interpretation in quantitative studies in Communication…

This guide provides students with practice for all the major types of graphs they are likely to encounter. It includes information on graphs of various families of algebraic functions; bar, line, and circle graphs; the creation, reading, and interpretation of graphs; and the use of graphing calculators. (MVL)

Presents two viewpoints about the use and interpretability of beta weights in educational research: (1) that beta weights should be interpreted as a logical index of the importance of individual predictors within the context of the entire set of predictors; and (2) that interpretation requires certain cautions and conditions. (SV)

A procedure is presented to transform an n-dimensional scatter diagram into a two-dimensional scatter diagram while preserving proximity relationships between points. This procedure can help in the presentation and interpretation of multivariate results. (Author/SLD)

This study was an attempt to replicate a previously reported quantitative trait loci association between general cognitive ability and a marker identified as EST00083 (P. Skuder et al., 1995). The association remained significant for 51 high and 51 average IQ child subjects but not for 40 extremely high and 50 average IQ subjects. Implications are…

Provides information regarding the National Educational Longitudinal Study database that was used for many of the studies in this volume. Provides relevant background and instructions so that others may use this resource from the National Center for Education Statistics. (Author/EV)

Investigates 10th grade students' ability to handle data and interpretation by using a variety of tasks. Discusses the importance of developing student discussion as a route to better conceptual understanding of data presented in graphical form. (Contains 15 references.) (Author/YDS)

The present article presents a tutorial on how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) described the failure to report effect sizes as a "defect" (p. 5), and 23 journals have published author guidelines requiring effect size reporting. Although…

Over the past 25 years, meta-analysis has assumed a significant role in the synthesis of counseling and psychotherapy research through the evaluation and interpretation of the results of multiple studies. An examination of four widely recognized rehabilitation counseling journals, however, reveals that only one meta-analysis (Bolton & Akridge,…

Surprising downshifts from more preferred (training incentive) to less preferred incentives (test incentive) are usually accompanied by emotional activation and suppression of conditioned behavior in rats. Two experiments were designed to determine whether consummatory behavior is similarly affected by downshifts of equal proportions. Within…

This guide is designed to inform school directors about the value of a data dashboard and to provide information on how districts can create a data dashboard for school directors. A data dashboard is a tool for viewing and analyzing student achievement and performance data. Key data for monitoring student achievement and directing policy level…