Searching for information is critical in many situations. In medicine, for instance, careful choice of a diagnostic test can help narrow down the range of plausible diseases that the patient might have. In a probabilistic framework, test selection is often modeled by assuming that people's goal is to reduce uncertainty about possible states of the…

Purpose: This paper undertakes a comparative review of the concept of 'Caring Thinking' from the perspectives of specific figures (with different cultural voices) in the field of Educational Psychology. Specifically, it focuses on the area of Thinking and Cognition--Matthew Lipman as well as Mohd Daud Hamzah and Abdul Kadir Arifin. Methodology:…

The power of human language rests upon its intricate links to human cognition. By 3 months of age, listening to language supports infants' ability to form object categories, a building block of cognition. Moreover, infants display a systematic shift between 3 and 4 months--a shift from familiarity to novelty preferences--in their expression of…

Based on recent political happenings, such as Brexit (UK) and the election of Donald Trump (USA), it has become clear that political marketing has been using 'Big Data' intensively. Information gathered from social media networks is organized into digital environments and has the power to determine the outcome of elections, plebiscites and popular…

The purpose of this research was to compare mental and physical practice on acquisition of basketball free shot. Forty inexperienced boys were selected randomly by a revised questionnaire of motor imagery-making of Hall and Martin (1977). They were divided into 2 groups; an experimental group and a control one. Group one carried out the whole…

The "n"-back task is likely the most popular measure of working memory for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Despite accumulating neuroimaging studies with the "n"-back task and children, its neural representation is still unclear. fMRI studies that used the "n"-back were compiled, and data from…

Numerous studies have tried to identify the core deficit of developmental dyscalculia (DD), mainly by assessing a possible deficit of the mental representation of numerical magnitude. Research in healthy adults has shown that numerosity, duration, and space share a partly common system of magnitude processing and representation. However, in DD,…

Representations of social categories help us make sense of the social world, supporting predictions and explanations about groups and individuals. In an experiment with 156 participants, we explore whether children and adults are able to understand category-property associations (such as the association between "girls" and "liking…

Gesture is an integral part of children's communicative repertoire. However, little is known about the neurobiology of speech and gesture integration in the developing brain. We investigated how 8- to 10-year-old children processed gesture that was essential to understanding a set of narratives. We asked whether the functional neuroanatomy of…

Despite the empirical evidence for the power of the cognitive capacity of implicit learning of structures and regularities in several modalities and materials, it remains controversial whether implicit learning extends to the learning of temporal structures and regularities. We investigated whether (a) an artificial grammar can be learned equally…

The role that the mental, or internal, representation plays when people are solving hard computational problems has largely been overlooked to date, despite the reality that this internal representation drives problem solving. In this work we investigate how performance on versions of two hard computational problems differs based on what internal…

Recent research indicates that transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) of specific brain regions can successfully improve various forms of creative cognition. Although the endeavor to increase human creative capacity is intriguing from a neuroscientific perspective, and of interest to the general public, it raises numerous neuroethico-legal and…

Context: Diagnostic reasoning is acknowledged as a vital skill for medical practice, but research regarding this core aspect of medical cognition as it pertains to athletic training contexts is scarce. To compare athletic training--specific clinical reasoning skills with those of other health care practitioners, educators need to better understand…

Passively listening to a lecture (deWinstanley & Bjork, 2002), skimming a textbook chapter, or googling for an answer to a homework problem is not conducive to deep and lasting high-order learning. At the same time, presenting complex concepts in problem-based classes might overload students' working memory capacity. Effective student learning…

Students struggle with proving, a fundamental activity in upper-level undergraduate mathematics courses. Learning how to prove is a difficult transition for students, as they shift from largely computation-based to argument-based work. In response, mathematics departments have instituted courses, introduction or transition to proof, designed to…