Educational research surrounding teaching methods and accepted practices is continually needed to improve teaching and teacher preparation programs. The revised Bloom's Taxonomy is often used by teachers in question development. The effectiveness of these questions are often dependent, not on the question alone, but also in how the question is…

Online learning education is fast-growing as its tentacles cover virtually all countries of the world today. This medium does not come as a stunner since online learning education shields against the barriers of time and distance and other militating factors of online learning. But that is not to say that online learning education has no cons to…

This article studies the cognitive dynamics of stancetaking in the discourse situations associated with risky behaviour and perilous decisions. The objective of this work is to find out what linguistic and cognitive mechanisms are used by speech participants to conceptualise a discourse situation as a situation of risk, and analyse the ways the…

Instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) research has recently attracted more focal attention due to the publications of three books and as the theme of the 2016 Second Language Research Forum (SLRF) conference that celebrated its 35th anniversary in the field of second language acquisition (SLA). Recent definitions (e.g. Loewen, 2015) have…

How are scene representations stored in memory? Researchers have often posited that scene representations have a hierarchical structure with background elements providing a scaffold for more detailed foreground elements. To further investigate scene representation and the role of background and foreground information, we introduced a new stimulus…

An experiment with 72 three-year-olds investigated whether encoding events while seeing iconic gestures boosts children's memory representation of these events. The events, shown in videos of actors moving in an unusual manner, were presented with either iconic gestures depicting how the actors performed these actions, interactive gestures, or no…

The age-related positivity effect--a preference for processing positive stimuli over negative stimuli--is posited by socioemotional selectivity theory to reflect a focus on emotional gratification in older age. Yet, the positivity effect has been investigated with stimuli, such as photographs of faces and visual scenes, that have little (to no)…

Taking a test improves memory for that tested information, a finding referred to as the testing effect. Multiple-choice tests tend to produce smaller testing effects than do cued-recall tests, and this result is largely attributed to the different processing that the two formats are assumed to induce. Specifically, it is generally assumed that the…

In educational research, there is a growing interest in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine students' levels of processing. As there is a growing interest in the use of fMRI, a systematic review was conducted to examine how deep and surface levels of processing are operationalized within the neuroscientific field. In addition,…

The cognitive relationship between intuition and proof is complex and often students struggle when they need to find mathematical justifications to explain what appears as self-evident. In this paper, we address this complexity in the specific case of open geometrical problems that ask for a conjecture and its proof. We analyze four meaningful…

The "cold open" is a literary technique that can be usefully adapted for management education, particularly as an opening exercise on the first day of class. Specifically, this approach includes presenting a carefully chosen problem to the class without preamble, providing students an opportunity to work on the problem, and perhaps most…

Background: Tasks that involve retrieving information from memory, such as answering short answer questions, are more effective at improving learning than restudying, concept mapping, and other study techniques. However, little is known about how often teachers naturally provide these retrieval practice opportunities during lectures and classroom…

Physical activity and cardiorespiratory endurance have both been shown to associate with academic achievement; however, there is a paucity of work examining mediating effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and mathematics performance using school day physical activity as a mediator.…

One of the golden rules in instructional design methods is to optimize the use of working memory capacity and avoid cognitive overload. The study of cognitive load has historically relied on one's introspection. However, it is difficult to capture changes in cognitive load levels during learning sensitively. This paper suggests an approach to…

The aim of this paper is on the one hand to discuss from an APOS (Action-Process-Object-Schema) theory perspective the mental constructions involved in the learning of linear algebra, through examples concerning the linear transformation concept and related notions. On the other hand, methodological issues related to the design of research…