This paper examines the patterns of entry into self-employment in urban and rural China and across different reform stages, focusing on how communist cadres have responded to new market opportunities. Analysis of data from a national representative survey shows that both education and cadre status deter people from entry into self-employment in…

Minority languages in both industrialised and developing countries have seldom been considered as objects of serious study. The discussion recognises that linguistic minorities are not homogeneous in nature. Apart from their sociolinguistic settings, they also differ in their historical, cultural, and natural backgrounds which makes it difficult…

In this article, the author discusses how the municipal authorities eliminate the names of all schools in eastern Berlin in 1990 to formalize the spontaneous purge of school identities. She added, that the renaming of primary and secondary schools at this historical juncture provides a unique vantage point for examining what the democratic turning…

This paper argues that a useful way of analyzing the current moves to locate education within a decentralized framework of schools competing for educational consumers is to return to the founders of managerialism. In particular, this paper suggests that by returning to the point of production, the "mutilated rationality" (Habermas) of…

Research-extensive land-grant institutions face the unique challenge of asking faculty to fulfill a historic mission of public service in a time of scarce resources. This article discusses the parallel between the effects of resource dependency and academic capitalism on the research enterprise and on public service endeavors through the…

Divided into four major parts, this document explains the significance of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan. Part 1 indicates that the LDP has governed Japan since 1955 and controls 445 seats in the 764 seat parliament. The selection of the prime minister, chosen from within the ruling party, is seen as vital to U.S. interests. For…

In this article the experience of an American teacher in Ethiopia is related. An attempt to teach English to African students by a method other than simple rote learning brought about a conflict with Ethiopian supervisors. Reasons for the conflict are analyzed and different values and political perspectives are discussed as possible sources of…

Historians of education have never considered the problem of institutional economics to be very important. Almost nothing has been written in the field. The absence of inquiries into the financial basis of American higher education is a reflection of three major problems in the scholarship of education: (1) the lack of monographic literature in…

Social theorists arguing that economic development is a process of modernization claim that traditional societies will follow the patterns of transformation already followed by modern societies, and that literacy can help instill the necessary values. An alternative theory, developed primarily in Latin America, argues that the relationships of…

The purpose of this paper is to indicate priorities for qualitatively-based research in child care. Three main foci for research are indicated. Researchers should examine the multi-faceted cultural and social experiences of the children in programs, investigate the social system in which adults form formal and informal child care arrangements, and…

Burnout in education is described in terms of system stress. Systems and their relationships are viewed at four levels: somatic, psychological, social, and cultural. "Burnout" is defined as a reduction of the function of an organism or living system. Changes in the state of a system create increased demands for adaptation. Stress is a general…

The object of the present study was to develop and test the effectiveness of a behavior modification approach to behavior training, in the context of a social living situation in a Job Corps Center for men. The model for this approach is derived from recent research in social reinforcement learning, as applied to behavior training in laboratories…

This paper describes a five-component system with ten major internal linkages which may be used as a model for studying information flow in any rural agricultural social system. The major components are production, supply, marketing, research, and extension education. In addition, definitions are offered of the crucial variables affecting…

This document provides ideas and information for those responsible for preparation of education personnel. It includes papers and other materials expressing several views on organizational problems in schools. The problems that teachers encounter in coping with the social hierarchy within the school are discussed as well as their responsibilities…

This is a comprehensive report of a study of the mechanisms by which the family regulates its interaction with the immediate social environment. Subjects were four multiple family groups, each composed of six or more families, meeting in both hospital and home settings. In each family, at least one member was either an alcoholic or an adolescent…