Representational competence in science is the ability to generate external representations (e.g. equations, graphs) of real-world phenomena, transform between these representations, and use them in an integrated fashion. Difficulties in achieving representational competence are often considered central to difficulties in learning science.…

Humans have deliberately scented their environment for purpose or pleasure for millennia. In the contemporary marketplace most consumers prefer and purchase scented versions of common household products. However, the drivers of this consumer preference have not been elucidated. To explain the attraction to scent in household products we propose a…

The purpose of the study is to develop and validate the scale for measuring the extent of student engagement for online courses. The study draws a battery of variables from literature on student engagement. The study proposes a 6 construct based scale with 26 items. A total of 1602 university students completed the responses for the scale. All…

Euclidean geometry has formed the foundation of architecture, science, and technology for millennia, yet the development of human's intuitive reasoning about Euclidean geometry is not well understood. The present study explores the cognitive processes and representations that support the development of humans' intuitive reasoning about Euclidean…

Aim: To investigate mask use and the difficulties it may pose during communication in healthcare settings. Methods: A survey utilizing a series of Likert scales was administered. Mask use challenges between clinicians and their patients were examined in the domains of communication, listening effort, cognition, and rehabilitation. Results: Across…

In this study, it is aimed to reveal the effect of creative drama activities implemented in early childhood on the executive functions of children who are between 60 and 72 months old. The study is designed as quasi experimental study with pretest and posttest control group. In the class determined as the experimental group, 18 drama sessions,…

We examine in-service high school teachers' journals to explore the emerging themes in a mathematics content course for their professional development. We use a sociocultural perspective and characterize journals as signifying teachers' communication and written discourses about their thinking and experiences in the course. We use applied thematic…

In this paper, we offer a novel framework for analyzing the Opportunities for Reasoning-and-Proving (ORP) in mathematical tasks. By drawing upon some tenets of the commognitive framework, we conceptualize learning and teaching mathematics via reasoning and proving both as enacting reasoning processes (e.g., conjecturing, justifying) in the…

This edited book has been compiled in honor of Thomas S. C. Farrell, one of the most distinguished scholars in theorizing and researching language teacher reflection. It examines teacher reflection in three main areas: policies, practices and the impact of teacher reflection on teachers' practices and professional development. The data-driven…

Students' ability to evaluate arguments is significant in democratic societies. Therefore, researchers argue that it is important to understand and facilitate students' argument evaluation skills. Most research on students' argument evaluation focuses on final products and outcomes instead of students' decision-making processes. Thus, how students…

This meta-analysis reviews 79 studies (N = 46,605) that examined the existence of gender difference on intelligence in school-aged children. To do so, we limited the literature search to works that assessed the construct of intelligence through the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) batteries, evaluating eventual gender differences…

The provision of feedback with complex information beyond the correct answer, that is, elaborated feedback, can powerfully shape learning outcomes such as transfer, that is, the ability to extend what has been learned in one context to new contexts. However, an understanding of neurocognitive processes of elaborated feedback during…

In this article, we leverage data from over 1,000 students participating in two different online courses to investigate whether better learning outcomes are associated with student decisions to practice instead of (re-)reading. Consistent with laboratory and classroom findings, we find that students' decisions to practice are related to better…

Gypsy students are vulnerable to poor school attendance, low achievement, and school dropout (indicative of low engagement with school). Engagement with school is a multidimensional construct with cognitive, affective, and behavioural components, and research has yet to fully characterise engagement among Gypsy students considering these distinct…

The notion of "Micro-Learning" (ML) has been repeatedly accented as a successful learning approach in different learning phenomena. Despite these optimistic emphases, several studies lack a theoretical grounding in adoption of ML, thus missing a shared perspective of the education community. The scarce theoretical justification for…