This book presents a discussion and analysis of various theories of play behavior. The book is divided into 12 chapters. The first chapter delineates 3 criteria (intrinsic motivation, suspension of reality or make-believe, and internal locus of control) that distinguish play from nonplay behavior. Chapter 2 reviews scientific research on the…

This paper describes a program of research into children's understanding of psychological principles underlying social behavior. An initial study had indicated that at about 10 years of age children knew many of the basic principles of social behavior and the rules for social control. Two strategies were developed to explore these findings in…

In many countries today it has become increasingly common for educational planners, administrators, and practitioners to more carefully attend to the needs of ethnic, class, caste, and other minority groups for increased access to and participation in schools. Schools are thought to be important institutions in this regard as they are perceived by…

This paper is directed at describing the informal promotion process utilized in large urban school districts and the effect of in-house selection on minority individuals and women. The sponsor-protege process (the informal promotion process of large urban school districts) and socialization (the psychological dimension of promotion) are discussed.…

TWO SUMMER 1965 HEAD START PROGRAMS, ONE IN BRONX RIVER AND ONE IN EAST TREMONT, NEW YORK, WERE SELECTED IN ORDER TO MEASURE THE CHANGES PRODUCED IN THE 36 PARTICIPANTS AS A RESULT OF THEIR HEAD START EXPERIENCE. AREAS MEASURED WERE (1) COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING, (2) PATTERNS OF PLAY AND USE OF PLAY MATERIALS, AND (3) CHILDREN'S FANTASIES ABOUT THEIR…

This guide for teachers, in English and Spanish, examines the role parents play in the socialization of sex roles. A pre-test and post test are included to measure the user's awareness of sexual stereotyping. Five object lessons cover the following topics: (1) stereotypes which exist prior to a baby's birth; (2) behavioral standards on which…

In order to understand the psychological meaning of menarche it is necessary to examine cultural beliefs, socialization, and actual experience. A sample of 641 fifth to twelfth grade girls, 40% of whom were premenarcheal, completed a modified version of the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). Half of the sample completed the MDQ according…

This review considers the traditional male sex role in terms of values, beliefs, expectations, orientation, stereotyping, socialization and resistance to social change. Male/female interaction within occupational and emotional spheres is discussed. Findings indicate that male resistance to female role change is great. It is concluded that men must…

This paper links the sex stereotypic socialization of women towards passivity and insignificance theoretically and empirically with the greater incidence of learned helplessness and depression in contemporary American women as compared to men. The case is made for a more androgynous, self-directed and undepressed person, female or male, and both…

In this Child Development Associate (CDA) training module, the trainee is provided with basic concepts of child development. The identity, socialization and sense of self worth of the child are emphasized. Techniques for observing the behavior of 3- to 5-year-old children are indicated. As a result, the trainee can learn how to make and maintain,…

Microethnographic techniques are used to study and describe the salient aspects of the social competence acquired by children in a kindergarten or first-grade classroom. The role of the school and the teacher in the socialization process is examined through investigation of both verbal and nonverbal communication and interaction patterns. (LH)

This 20-page booklet contains very brief, anonymous and anecdotal stories about teachers' success with young children in the early childhood education programs in Dayton, Ohio. The teachers' stories focus on individual children and reveal the scope of classroom problems faced every year. Five anecdotes illustrate problems of children with…

The educational process and passionate intensity are forces that are often at odds in society. Passionate intensity is a force that introduces turmoil and threatens those social processes that depend on reason and independent thought. In contrast, the educational process seeks to develop coping skills to limit dependence on others and promote…

AN ATTEMPT TO SEPARATE THE PROBLEMS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE FROM THE MORE GENERAL PROBLEMS OF UNDERACHIEVMENT IS MADE IN THIS OVERVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH. THE CULTURALLY DIFFERENT STUDENT COMES PRIMARILY FROM THE LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS OF AMERICAN SOCIETY. HE IS DIFFERENT FROM THOSE STUDENTS WHO ARE MENTALLY RETARDED, PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED,…

The future development of the middle school depends on its continued commitment to the social value of a differentiated early adolescent education and on its adoption of innovations aimed at the institutional integration of its values with a changing society. Flexibility of programs and self-concept development of adolescents are key middle school…