The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of confrontation techniques and to describe some parameters for their use in counseling. The author discusses the definition of confrontation, purpose of confrontation, empathy in confrontation, timing of confrontation, and teaching the confrontation technique. (Author)

Two severely retarded institutionalized children (4 and 7 years old) who exhibited high rates of severely self-injurious behaviors were punished with aromatic ammonia inhalation on a response-contingent basis. (Author/SBH)

Discussed is the role in special education of behavior therapy as an effective technology for dealing with the problems presented by a physical handicap. (DLS)

Behavior change is the overriding, if not the only, goal in health education. Implications of this fact for the nature and method for educational diagnosis, curriculums, educational strategy, and evaluation are discussed. (Author/MJB)

Changes in student teachers' verbal behaviors after feedback from video tapes of classroom activity are discussed. (GW)

Three training programs for girl-shy males were designed. The effectiveness of a response-acquisition treatment was compared with a cognitive self-statement modification treatment, a combination of these two, and a waiting-list control group. The results indicated that subjects trained in cognitive self-statement modification showed significantly…

Single-subject reversal designs were used in teaching elderly nursing-home residents to change dependency behavior and to reacquire and maintain self-feeding skills. Fast control of self-feeding was obtained. Results are discussed. (Author)

The use of contingent ignoring to help reduce problems in the classroom has been advocated by behavioral psychologists, but in practice, teachers have found this procedure often is not successful. The potential mistakes are described. For each potential problem, a remedy is prescribed. (Author)

Describes group workshops to eliminate self-defeating behavior as an alternative to suspension in the secondary school. Students who worked at understanding the SDB process reported they had better communication with their teachers and received fewer and in many cases no more disciplinary referrals. (Author)

Change programs in agriculture, business, and communities, resulting from a culture-centered approach called "normative systems", are described. Culture is defined as a network of norms of behavior. A four-phase process for achieving changes in culture (norms) is presented. (MF)

This study evaluated behavior change occurring after a marathon group experience, with a focus on individualized rather than shared behavioral change criteria. The individualization of behavior change criteria is based on the assertion that few, if any, single change criteria are appropriate or realistic for assessing change in all individuals.…

The hypotheses of this study were that role-taking training would increase (1) role-taking skills and (2) relative amount of peer interaction as compared with adult interaction. Results were that experimental subjects increased significantly in spatial role-taking only, although changes in conceptual scores were in the predicted direction. (Author)

This study was concerned with whether or not subjects rated as highly authoritarian demonstrate a significantly greater tendency to model neutral teaching behavior than do subjects who were rated as less authoritarian. Results indicated a significant relationship between ratings on the authoritarian variable and tendencies to model observed…

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Four profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children (with a mean age of 12 years) were placed in a situation where auditory stimulation was made contingent on a visually directed lever-pulling response. (Author/MH)