Routine hand hygiene has been cited by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a cost-effective and important hygiene measure in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Several studies have explored children's hand hygiene habits, effects of scheduled hand hygiene, hand hygiene environmental…

Analyses were conducted to determine whether the two statistical tests of significance are identical. Such demonstrations regarding parallel correlational and analysis of variance procedures have brought further understanding to each of the domains in the past. When a researcher is investigating the relationship between two variables and thinks…

See TM 501 201-2 for related articles. (MLP)

Compares the harmonic mean and Kramer unequal group forms of the Tukey test for various: (a) degrees of disparate group sizes, (b) numbers of groups, and (c) nominal significant levels. (RC)

A nonasymptotic Chi-Square analysis algorithm is presented to investigate r by c contingency tables where small expected cell frequencies render the usual asymptotic analysis inappropriate. A FORTRAN subroutine is provided for analyzing the tables having highly disproportionate or small marginal totals. (Author/GDC)

Since 1994, the American Psychological Association (APA) has advocated the inclusion of effect size indices in reporting research to elucidate the statistical significance of studies based on sample size. In 2001, the fifth edition of the APA "Publication Manual" stressed the importance of including an index of effect size to clarify…

This paper summarizes information leading to the recommendation that statistical significance testing be replaced, or at least accompanied by, the reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals. It discusses the use of confidence intervals, noting that the recent report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Statistical…

J. Frass and I. Newman (2000) proposed a hypothesis testing procedure that incorporated the following three key elements: (1) the establishment of a practical significance value; (2) the construction of a non-nil null hypothesis that incorporated the practical significance value; and (3) statistical testing of the non-nil null hypothesis with a…

This paper presents a testing procedure that incorporates three key elements. The first element is the use of non-nil null hypotheses. The second element is the determination of a practically significant level that is incorporated into the corresponding non-nil null hypothesis. The third element is the use of a randomization test to statistically…

The increased interest in reporting effect sizes means that it is necessary to consider what should be included in a primer on effect sizes. A review of papers on effect sizes and commonly repeated statistical analyses suggests that it is important to discuss effect sizes relative to bivariate correlation, t-tests, analysis of variance/covariance,…

Over the last few years, there has been evolution, although not a linear one, that has progressed from an emphasis on statistical significance to an emphasis on effect size to an emphasis on both of these concepts to what is believed to be a pragmatic emphasis on replicability. This paper presented two methods of estimating a study's replicability…

The Pearson chi-square test can be useful in situations in which the researcher wishes to compare observed versus expected frequencies in categories, or cells, or a contingency table. Although these tests can be useful, various problems associated with their use and interpretation are common. First, the chi-square test is often the result of weak…

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how displaying disattenuated correlation coefficients along with their unadjusted counterparts will allow the reader to assess the impact of unreliability on each bivariate relationship. The paper also demonstrates how a proposed new "what if reliability" analysis can complement the conventional null…

The tests discussed provide a relatively wide variety of inference techniques which may be applied to "koppa". Each of the techniques may be used to construct confidence intervals, and one specific equation provides a simultaneous test of zero values for two koppas when applied properly. (NE)