Three models have been proposed to account for the relationship between the principle of commutativity and the development of more economical addition strategies, which disregard addend order. In the first and second models, it has been proposed that either discovery or assumption of commutativity is a necessary condition for the invention of…

Indicates that the calculator as a tool has an assured place in science teaching and gives examples of its use. Evaluates 18 different calculator models. (GS)

Multinomial-response models are available that correspond implicitly to tests in which a total score is computed as the sum of polytomous item scores. For these models, joint and conditional estimation may be considered in much the same way as for the Rasch model for right-scored tests. As in the Rasch model, joint estimation is only attractive if…

A framework is presented for characterizing competence for cognitive tasks, with a detailed hypothesis about competence for counting by typical 5-year-old children. It is proposed that competence has three main components that are called conceptual, procedural, and utilizational competence. Conceptual competence, which is discussed in greatest…

Three studies examined the abstractness of children's mental representation of counting, and their understanding of the cardinality principle, namely, that the last number word used in a count tells how many items there are. In the first experiment, 24 toddlers of 2-3 years counted objects, actions, and sounds. Findings revealed that children…

This document provides the information needed to meet the standards for pesticide applicator certification. Section one deals with the identification of pests and the diagnosis of pest damage. Section two provides an introduction to weed characteristics and herbicide usage. The application, formulation, effects and safety of herbicides in general…

Forty-three junior high learning disabilities programs were surveyed to identify students either specifically disabled in arithmetic (SLDARITH, N=30) or specifically disabled in reading (SLDREAD, N=30). Three types of data were analyzed: size of LD program and school, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Verbal and Performance scores,…

Designed for use by students at beginning high school through adult levels, this manual contains seventeen lessons on uses of the electronic hand calculator. Within each of the eight sections lessons presented include objectives, procedural information, examples, and problems to be solved. Following an introductory lesson to the calculator,…

Students in two biostatistics courses at the Cornell Medical College and in a course in applications of computer science given in Cornell's School of Industrial Engineering were given access to an interactive package of computer programs enabling them to perform statistical analysis without the burden of hand computation. After a general…

A computer program to perform a Monte Carlo simulation of counting experiments was written. The program was based on a mathematical derivation which started with counts in a time interval. The time interval was subdivided to form a binomial distribution with no two counts in the same subinterval. Then the number of subintervals was extended to…

TO DEVELOP A BETTER MATHEMATICAL BASIS FOR FACTOR ANALYSIS, A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH WAS FORMULATED FOR FIXING COMMUNALITIES AND THEIR COMPLEMENTS, UNIQUENESSES, AS WELL. WHILE THE INVESTIGATOR WAS UNABLE TO PROVE THAT MINIMUM-TRACE CRITERIA FIX COMMUNALITIES UNIQUELY, A SET OF IDENTITIES AND INEQUALITIES WAS LOCATED AMONG THE COMMUNALITIES AND,…

Described is a calculator race that is designed to require a fast touch with the calculator and also the ability to apply mathematical knowledge. Sample questions are given. (MP)

Five reasons are discussed for teaching estimation involving utility, problem solving, concept formation, calculations, and attitude. Specific types of estimation are analyzed and examples given. (MP)

Repeatedly taking the square root with a calculator yields numbers with logarithmic-type properties, which can be used to define the logarithm functions. (MP)

Comparing calendar years and planetary years serves as the basis of a calculator problem. (MP)