Two studies looked into the ability of 3- to 5-year-olds to understand the idea that a person who intends to bring about a bad outcome will be pleased when he does so. Previous studies had conflicting outcomes; one found children under age 7 did not understand the idea, while another found that most 5-year-olds did. The first of the two studies…

Proster Theory is a theory of learning which has been proposed by Leslie A. Hart (1975). The theory is based on the functions of the brain. Learning is seen as the formation of programs, which are simply sequences of instructions by which the brain directs the muscles, sense organs, or other portions of the neurological system. Programs which are…

Although aging is a process that affects everyone, individuals can choose how they will behave as they become older. Some persons choose to focus on the negative, becoming more and more self-centered and driving away those around them, becoming a burden to themselves and to society. Others, often prompted by a midlife crisis or period of…

This paper notes that the rapid increase in the number of support groups for older persons and for their caregivers necessitates a look at the role of the professional as a facilitator of support groups. It defines the concepts of social support and support group and then proceeds to describe the dynamics of a suport group. Definitions proposed by…

The problem of "stages" in the development of artistic ability is addressed by reviewing the cases of a gifted autistic child, Nadia, who drew realistically at a very young age, and of a normal child, Eytan, who rapidly taught himself the principles of isometric perspective and of foreshortening. A review of scholarly opinion about…

This document contains three papers describing theoretical approaches and empirical findings concerning the role of anxiety in self-actualization. "Opposing Views of Anxiety and Self-Actualization" by Paul F. Zelhart describes theories of self-actualization that take opposite views of the role of anxiety in psychological development…

The paper reports on a longitudinal study of children 3, 4 and 5 years old to investigate deviation, development, and significant patterns of growth, specifically in reading. The authors posited one general construct--development--and attempted to analyze how the underlying traits related to reading unfolded in each child and how they were related…

A description is given of an inservice course designed to acquaint teachers with current constructivist thinking and research in cognitive and developmental psychology. The focus was on sensitizing the teachers to the challenges of creating a "thinking environment" in their classrooms. The course was designed to engage students as…

The study evaluated the ability of six learning disabled adolescents with normal language ability and eight learning disabled adolescents with deficient language skills to appropriately mark ambiguous referents. Subjects were compared with control groups of normally achieving chronologically age matched adolescents and children matched with the…

This digest examines the meanings of career development which have evolved since the 1950s; discusses the diversity of programs, tools and techniques in career development today; and explores future trends in the field. It discusses expanding populations and settings for career development, examines career development in the schools and with…

A paper-and-pencil test consisting of a series of 24 sketches was administered to assess the performance of hearing impaired students aged 9-12 on a Piagetian horizontality task. This age range among hearing students is the developmental period during which comprehension of the principle of horizontality should begin to emerge, indicating ability…

The question of why language acquisition is not instantaneous is addressed in terms of two related issues: the logical and the developmental aspects of language acquisition. The role of linguistic theory and research in determining the interplay of these two aspects of grammatical development is examined. It is suggested that the…

Stoltenberg's (1981) counselor complexity model, a developmental model of the supervision process, conceptualizes the training process as a sequence of four identifiable stages through which a trainee progresses: dependency, dependency-autonomy conflict, conditional dependency, and the master counselor. Evidence has been found in support of…

This study determines whether children who see an object hidden in a location in one space can retrieve an analogous object hidden in an analogous location in a different space. Participants were 16 31-months-old and 16 38-months-old children. After a familiarization experience, half the children observed a stuffed dog hidden in a room, tried to…

The first section of this paper presents a review of recent studies on teacher burnout. Although a number of specific stressors have been explored, those which appear most consistently in studies on the subject are in the general categories of conduct and discipline of pupils, misbehavior and poor student attitudes, personal teaching competence,…