Hypothesized that audience pressure would prove most detrimental to the skilled performance of adolescents (due to vulnerability to self-awareness) but not of children. Performances of skilled players of video games with and without audience indicated a curvilinear relationship between age and performance change which confirmed the hypothesis.…

Explores implications of two cognitive development perspectives for characterizing ontogeny of causal reasoning. Reviews literature on causal reasoning in the preschool years and concludes that the hypothesis of an invariant causal scheme is only partially correct. (Author/SO)

Studies of normative ages of speech sound acquisition vary in speech sample and methods used. Review of studies which sample spontaneous speech indicates that these data have characteristics that make them difficult to use as norms. Desirable characteristics of normative investigations of speech and sound acquisition are proposed. (Author/CL)

The author describes nine separate stages of help that reflect the normal process of pupil improvement and some of the corresponding teacher skills. Stages begin with the "honeymoon stage," including active resistance, limited testing, beginning trust, and achievement, and concluding with expression of genuine feelings of sadness and attachment.…

The study examined whether learning disabled students differed in development of proportional reasoning and whether their disability was in the use of symbols and language rather than ability to solve proportional problems. Developmental scalograms supported the hypothesis that LD Ss' proportional reasoning abilities are developmental, not unlike…

Twenty-six children with a mean age of four years eight months were observed in order to describe situational antecedents and immediate consequences of social comparison exchanges. Findings support the assertion that preschool children are cognitively capable of simultaneously taking self and others into account. (Author/MT)

Summarizes the events at the summit conference at Camp David in 1978 that led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, using a day-by-day account based on published records and interviews with participants. The phases of group development are analyzed from a functional perspective. (JAC)

Analysis of videotaped interaction of 20 hearing impaired preschoolers showed that Ss were acquiring language using the same semantic categories, syntactic forms, and functional uses as normally developing children but at later chronological ages. All of the hearing-impaired children were developing a rule system consistent with patterns of normal…

Assesses five- and 10-year-old children's understanding of second-order belief structures in acted stories in which two characters were independently informed about an object's unexpected transfer to a new location. Results show unexpected early competence around age six or seven under optimal conditions when inference of second-order beliefs is…

A study of developmental changes in the use of strategies to eliminate interference from irrelevant information in memory were investigated in two studies involving mildly retarded students and adults. Results revealed clear developmental progressions in selective remembering from childhood through adolescence but a regression in adulthood. (CL)

Investigated the association of vocational identity with vocational development by administering the Vocational Identity Scale, the Medical Career Development Inventory, and the Ego Identity Scale to 143 first- and second-year college students with the same career aspiration. Results indicated that vocational identity related to both degree of…

Good teaching can be divided into three conceptual categories: science-research, theory-philosophy, and art-craft. The author defines and discusses these categories in terms of the developmental stages of teacher growth. (MT)

Conceptual and empirical evidence generally tends to support the assumption that self-actualization is related to moral maturity, in particular to transitional or post-conventional moral reasoning. Because the evidence is largely correlational, the precise nature of the relationship has yet to be clearly determined. (RM)

A successful program for young adults illustrated how hospitals and other agencies can respond effectively to the interrelated challenges of parenthood, marriage, and work. (Author)

Provides a chart delineating some of the benchmarks in the writing development of elementary school children. Offers a variety of suitable program strategies with which teachers can modify their writing programs to suit the developmental stages of their students. (HTH)