A fourth-grade teacher explains how she began planning for retention possibilities as soon as the Fall achievement test results became available by notifying parents immediately, working with them throughout the school year to help their failing children, and involving them in the promotion/nonpromotion decision. (SJL)

Summarizes research findings on the academic and social effects on students of grade repetition, and concludes that most students do not benefit from nonpromotion. (JG)

Examined differences in child-mother interaction, classroom adjustment during kindergarten, and retention in kindergarten between 41 first-born children of adolescent mothers and 88 first-born children of adult mothers. Found that the children of adolescent and adult mothers were generally indistinguishable in areas of classroom adjustment,…

Identifies developmental, social skill, and problem behavior subdomains that best predict academic achievement and grade promotion or retention in the early school years. Tests of 184 students at the end of kindergarten and then one year later indicate that social skills assessment should be included in kindergarten screening packages. (RJM)

Survey responses of 407 elementary school principals revealed that the factors most influencing principals' decisions to retain students include lack of mastery of material, local and state accountability standards, and the student's maturity level and chronological age. Principals also believe children should be retained in the early years.…

Investigates the effects of state education policies on grade repetition rates. Finds, for example, that school entrance month has significant impact on probability of student having to repeat a grade, an impact due largely to the relative age of the student. Finds no impact of variations in state policies on grade repetition rates. (Contains 25…

Argues that under certain conditions, high standards and demanding assessment can hurt rather than help low-achieving students. Discusses three practices educators and policymakers should avoid: requiring students to repeat a grade, placing students in low-track classes, and holding students accountable for material not yet taught. (Contains 13…

The academic benefits of grade retention are doubtful. Researchers have found that a low percentage of retained students achieve at a higher rate and that many regress. Parents should request a multidisciplinary evaluation before allowing a child to be retained. (JD)

A recent "Kappan" Survey of 276 elementary, middle, and senior high schools found that between 25 to 35 percent of the 22,018 students surveyed are seriously at risk. Teachers and other staff dealing with at-risk students lacked confidence and information concerning students' lives. Grade retention practices proved detrimental to students.…

Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 with hierarchical linear modeling, this study identified individual-level and school-level variables influencing the decision to drop out of middle school. At the individual level, grade retention is the single most powerful predictor. (SLD)

Sometimes, parents must decide whether to have their child repeat a grade. Research indicates children who stay back do not do better than comparable children who are promoted and retention can have a very negative effect. The article guides parents on what to do and ask in such a situation. (SM)

Shows how multiage grouping in the primary grades can support school improvement. Acknowledging chronological age as a crude indicator of learning readiness, multiage programs emphasize grouping children within classes based on readiness, interest, and/or acquired knowledge. This article explains program benefits, disadvantages, implementation…

Examines school performance and behavior of children with low birthweights (less than 2500 grams), compared with a group of normal-birthweight children, using 1988 Health Interview Survey data and controlling for family socioeconomic characteristics. Low-birthweight children are more likely to repeat a grade and attend special-education classes,…

Examines some negative consequences of North Carolina's statewide testing system, based on perceptions of 236 elementary teachers. Respondents reported high levels of stress and lower morale, a narrowed curriculum, and decreased student love of learning. They also believed widespread grade repetition was inevitable. (Contains 15 references.) (MLH)

Ending all social promotion is ill-advised. A responsible decision on grade retention should be based on factors such as a child's age, health, maturity, testing readiness, previous academic performance, and available emedial services. Many retained children do not show enough improvement to justify the practice. (MLH)