This study examines how task instruction and task appraisals predict engagement and disaffection in classroom moments. We assessed 2,560 momentary survey responses from 124 Finnish 7th grade students using a within-person analytical approach. The results showed that students were more engaged during active instruction and when they had choice in…

Despite the rapid growth of video-based learning in higher education, students face challenges in sustaining their full attention on video lectures. While gamification has been used to engage students, there have been few attempts to gamify in-video learning. The study aimed to create a gamified instructional video and examine the effects on…

Purpose: The study investigated the complex dynamics of employees balancing professional responsibilities with academic pursuits and its impact on the qualities of their work-life balance as well as their acquisition of academic knowledge and skills. Design/methodology/approach: Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 575 workers…

Although ultrasound (US) appears to complement traditional anatomy teaching, limited objective data exist on its efficacy. Existing literature often relies on student perceptions rather than performance-based outcomes. Additionally, the role of spatial understanding (SU)--the ability to mentally manipulate and interpret 3D anatomical…

The intricate relationship between representational competence and content knowledge in organic chemistry has been widely debated, and the ways in which representations contribute to task difficulty, particularly in assessment, remain unclear. This paper presents a multiple-choice test instrument for assessing individuals' knowledge of fundamental…

In everyday life, individuals often need to make choices about the difficulty level of tasks they wish to perform. Here, we investigate age- and gender-related differences in the monitoring of discrepancies between the difficulty of a given task and one's own performance level, and in the likelihood to select task difficulties that match one's…

Unfolding models are frequently used to develop scales for measuring attitudes. Recently, unfolding models have been applied to examine rater severity and accuracy within the context of rater-mediated assessments. One of the problems in applying unfolding models to rater-mediated assessments is that the substantive interpretations of the latent…

The theory of reinvestment in experimental psychology suggested that automated performance could be degraded if attention was internally diverted to the process of skill execution. This study examined the role of attentional focus instructions on real-time conscious motor processing (i.e., reinvestment) during tandem walking. Thirty-six young…

Background: Socially shared regulation is a vital factor that affects students' collaborative programming performance. However, students' weak group metacognitive skills or inability to adopt shared regulation mechanisms lead to unsatisfactory collaborative programming learning. Objectives: This study proposes an approach to support socially…

Artificially intelligent robots as teachers (AI teachers) have attracted extensive attention due to their potential to relieve the challenge of global teacher shortage and realize universal elementary education by 2030. Despite mass production of service robots and discussions about their educational applications, the study of full-fledged AI…

Students tend to avoid effective but effortful study strategies. One potential explanation could be that high-effort experiences may not give students an immediate feeling of learning, which may affect their perceptions of the strategy's effectiveness and their willingness to use it. In two experiments, we investigated the role of mental effort in…

Purpose: This study explores the relationships between the cognitive demands of the questions asked by a teacher educator (TE) and prospective teachers' (PT) capacity for critical thinking (CT). Design/Approach/Methods: Participants comprised a TE and 32 PTs. The cognitive demands of the TE's questions and PTs' CT were analyzed using a systematic…

The cognitive load imposed by instruction is an important consideration for instructional designers. Theoretical models have traditionally divided total cognitive load into intrinsic, extrinsic, and germane load. The 10-item Cognitive Load Inventory (CLI-10) is designed to measure these three types of cognitive load. It is typically administered…

The purpose of the study was to critically evaluate the updated Turkish writing curricula to decide whether they permit teachers to design higher intellectually demanding teaching sequences. This study was designed as a qualitative inquiry through a document analysis to estimate the pedagogically oriented intellectual demands of the curricular…

Teachers' questioning is a key practice that influences student learning, yet not all teachers' questioning is equally effective, and fine-grained analyses uncovering the details of teachers' questioning are scarce. My study investigated the types of questions asked by three in-service elementary school math teachers, the associated levels of…