Engineering education aims to equip children with the skills to solve and apply complex problems. Problem-solving processes in engineering require high-level thinking and mind habits. Habit is a term used to describe various aspects of intelligence. Engineering habits of mind are the values, attitudes, and thinking skills associated with…

Engineering lacks quantitative measures of racism and sexism in engineering graduate education. Racial and gendered disparities in participation, persistence, and experience combined with qualitative evidence indicate that discrimination interferes with marginalized students' well-being and degree completion. The Discrimination in Engineering…

This study reports on developing and validating the School Alienation in Online Schooling Scale (SAOSS). School alienation in online schooling is conceptualized as opposed to school belonging and the main reason for minimal participation, reduced educational benefits, and school dropout in school aged-children, especially during the online…

Socially regulated learning (SoRL) is a critical mechanism for enhancing the effectiveness of collaborative learning outcomes. Measurement of university students' engagement in SoRL is essential for refining the strategies aimed at improving its efficacy. Nonetheless, the measurement of university students' levels of engagement in SoRL remains…

Understanding particle motion in force fields (PMFF), which encompasses the nature of forces and the relationship between force and motion, is fundamental to mastering mechanics and electromagnetism. Effectively solving PMFF-related problems requires advanced reasoning skills and the ability to apply knowledge across diverse contexts. Despite…

This study describes the rationale, design, development, and technical properties of SELweb MS, a direct assessment of social and emotional competencies in middle school students. Assessment and item design were iteratively developed with input from youth and experts to measure five domains: Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness,…

Multiple choice results are inherently probabilistic outcomes, as correct responses reflect a combination of knowledge and guessing, while incorrect responses additionally reflect blunder, a confidently committed mistake. To objectively resolve knowledge from responses in an MC test structure, we evaluated probabilistic models that explicitly…

We developed the Physics Inventory of Quantitative Literacy (PIQL) to assess students' quantitative reasoning in introductory physics contexts. The PIQL includes several "multiple-choice-multipleresponse" (MCMR) items (i.e., multiple-choice questions for which more than one response may be selected) as well as traditional single-response…

This research article aims to reveal leadership accountability based on gender differences. This research was conducted by using an explanatory research design for students as subjects of research who were taking an Organization Development course at the Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Malang. In…

Examination scores obtained by students from the West African Examinations Council (WAEC), and National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) may not be directly comparable due to differences in examination administration, item characteristics of the subject in question, and student abilities. For more accurate comparisons, scores…

Previous work showing that revised parallel analysis can be effective with dichotomous items has used a two-parameter model and normally distributed abilities. In this study, both two- and three-parameter models were used with normally distributed and skewed ability distributions. Relatively minor skew and kurtosis in the underlying ability…

This paper will elaborate five levels of algebraic generalisation based on an analysis of students' responses to Reframing Mathematical Futures II (RMFII) tasks designed to assess algebraic reasoning. The five levels of algebraic generalisation will be elaborated and illustrated using selected tasks from the RMFII study. The five levels will be…

It is known that students have many misconceptions about concepts related to function. By discovering misconceptions using an appropriate measurement instrument, we can determine what changes we need to make in the real functions curriculum to improve learning outcomes. Therefore, we designed an item bank for measuring conceptual understandings of…

Assessing students' multicultural self-efficacy was a challenging duty for high school counselors, particularly in conjunction with the understanding function of school counseling. The main objective of this development research was to design and validate a scale for measuring the multicultural self-efficacy of high school students. The 851 public…

Differential item functioning (DIF) is often used to examine validity evidence of alternate form test accommodations. Unfortunately, traditional approaches for evaluating DIF are prone to selection bias. This article proposes a novel DIF framework that capitalizes on regression discontinuity design analysis to control for selection bias. A…