This discussion of Finnish orthography notes the regularity of the language in the relation of spelling and sounds. Finnish orthography has been depicted as having no inconsistencies in the spelling; it is phonological or phonemic. The principle of phonological spelling involves two requirements: (1) the actual phonological condition, and (2) the…

THIS BASIC COURSE IN SPOKEN AZERBAIJANI, A TURKIC LANGUAGE OF NORTHWESTERN IRAN AND THE AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC OF THE USSR, IS BASED AS CLOSELY AS POSSIBLE ON THE EDUCATED TABRIZI DIALECT. THE FORMAT OF THIS 25-UNIT TEXT CONSISTS OF SECTIONS ON--(1) BASIC SENTENCES PRESENTED IN "BUILD-UPS," (2) PRONUNCIATION, BASED ON A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS…

PROGRAMED LEARNING BASED ON CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS CAN BE USED TO OVERCOME THE PREDICTABLE ERRORS MADE BY STUDENTS LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE. THE PROGRAM, WITH A LEARNING SEQUENCE ARRANGED SO THAT STUDENTS WILL AVOID MAKING ERRORS, CAN PROVIDE PRACTICE IN THE MECHANICS OF THE LANGUAGE, BUT IT HAS LIMITATIONS, FOR A STUDENT CANNOT ENGAGE…

THE MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHER SHOULD SPEAK FLUENTLY AND PRONOUNCE CORRECTLY THE LANGUAGE HE TEACHES, KNOW ITS LINGUISTIC STRUCTURE, AND BE ABLE TO USE EFFECTIVELY ALL FACILITIES THAT WILL HELP HIM ATTAIN HIS TEACHING OBJECTIVES. HE NEEDS A KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS OF BOTH THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND HIS OWN SO THAT HE CAN MAKE…

THIS ARTICLE, BASED ON A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH AND CHINESE, IS DESIGNED TO BE USED IN THE PREPARATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR THE PRESENTATION OF QUESTIONS IN THE TEACHING OF CHINESE. QUESTIONS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES, ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS--(1) PURE QUESTIONS, (2) RHETORICAL QUESTIONS, AND (3)…

Contrastive analysis can help solve certain problems in translation, for example, that of idioms. A contrastive analysis of source language (SL) and target language (TL) might have as its theoretical framework a contrastive lexical analysis based on generative semantics. In this approach both SL and TL idioms are broken down into their semantic…

THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN OUTLINE COMPARING THE SEGMENTAL PHONEMES (AND THEIR PRINCIPAL ALLOPHONES) OF COLLOQUIAL BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE WITH THOSE OF STANDARD SPOKEN AMERICAN SPANISH. THE ANALYSIS IS DESIGNED TO REVEAL ONLY THE MAJOR PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN TEACHING THE PHONOLOGY OF BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE TO SPANISH SPEAKERS AND TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK FOR…

The principal claim of this paper is that the Japanese passive consists of two different constructions, each derived from a distinct deep structure and each having associated with it a distinct set of syntactic and semantic properties. One of these constructions, the "adversative passive," implies that the grammatical subject of the…

It has long been realized that tense is not a feature of the Chinese verb system, which is controlled by a set of particles attached to the verb or to the sentence as a whole. The various usages involving these particles have been listed and described, the author points out, but the system as a whole has not been clearly defined. He suggests the…

Swahili, a Bantu language, is a lingua franca serving an estimated 45 million inhabitants in Africa as "the language of culture, education, and communication." The author, who has spent 35 years in East Africa, notes the regional variations in Swahili, and the standardization which is taking place throughout East Africa. The Institute o…

The objective of this research was to successfully model several semantic domains in English and Spanish, in order to (a) test the reliability of judged-similarities tasks in cross-cultural situations and (b) obtain information about changes in semantic organization with bilingualism and education. To achieve these goals, data were collected in…

This monograph on Gowda Kannada presents a description of the phonology, morphophonemics, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs, interjections, noun derivations, verbs, clitics, and verb stem alternants. The author, in the Introduction and throughout the work, has pointed out some of the important differences between this dialect of Kannada and…

This is the first volume of a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese in the light of a combined tagmemic and transformational approach. The dialects contrasted are Midwest Standard American English and Standard Saigon Vietnamese. The study has been designed chiefly for pedagogical applications. A general introduction gives the history of…

The present volume is a description of Pengo, a tribal Dravidian language spoken in the Koraput district of Orissa, and in the adjoining district of Kalhandi in India. Hitherto unknown to scholarship, it was investigated by the authors at various periods between 1957-66. Their work is intended to provide a "comprehensive account of the…