Some results are reported of an investigation into the meanings of the English modal auxiliary verbs. The corpus consisted of the one million word Brown University corpus of American English and a matching Lancaster University corpus of British English. The three factors operative in the study were: (1) contextual features, that is, co-occurring…

THIS STUDENT TEXT AND THE ACCOMPANYING "INSTRUCTOR'S HANDBOOK" WERE DEVELOPED FOR USE IN A ONE-YEAR, SEMI-INTENSIVE COURSE FOR NATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH. THESE MATERIALS ARE NOT DESIGNED FOR SELF INSTRUCTION, BUT ARE FOR CLASSROOM USE WITH A NATIVE SPEAKER OF PASHTO AND AN INSTRUCTOR WITH SOME KNOWLEDGE OF LINGUISTICS. THE DIALECT OF…

THIS REFERENCE GRAMMAR IS WRITTEN FOR THE LINGUIST OF THE LINGUISTICALLY-ORIENTED INTERMEDIATE STUDENT OF MODERN TURKISH. THE EXAMPLES OF USAGE IN THE TEXT HAVE BEEN SELECTED FROM THE COLLOQUIAL SPEECH OF EDUCATED TURKS. THE ENGLISH GLOSSES OF TURKISH WORDS OR PHRASES ARE LITERAL, TO SHOW THE TURKISH STRUCTURE, WITH PARENTHETICAL ADDITIONS TO…

THIS VOLUME PRESENTS THE LINGUISTIC MATERIAL ASSEMBLED BY THE AUTHORS (MUCH OF IT AT FIRST HAND) IN THE COURSE OF THEIR CLASSIFICATION OF THE NON-BANTU LANGUAGES OF NORTHEASTERN AFRICA. THIS MATERIAL, DEALING MAINLY WITH MORPHEMES AND GRAMMATICAL AND SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR, INCLUDES DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING LANGUAGES--MORU-MANGBETU,…

THIS WORKBOOK IS DESIGNED TO INTRODUCE THE SOUND SYSTEM AND WRITING SYSTEM OF LITERARY ARABIC. THE MATERIAL IS LINGUISTICALLY ORIENTED, BASED ON A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC. ACCOMPANYING TAPES FOR EACH UNIT PROVIDE THE STUDENT WITH PRACTICE IN LISTENING COMPREHENSION AND ORAL PRODUCTION. READING, WRITING, AND HOMEWORK EXERCISES…

THIS COURSE IS PROGRAMED FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION AND SELF-TESTING AND IS APPROPRIATE FOR TEACHING EDUCATED ADULT SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH WITH NO TRAINING IN LINGUISTICS ENOUGH HAITIAN CREOLE TO "GET AROUND" IN HAITI. THE CORE OF THE COURSE IS THE MATERIAL PRESENTED AND DRILLED ON TAPES. THE STUDENT LISTENS TO EXPLANATIONS IN ENGLISH OF…

This grammar is a self-study manual intended to aid native speakers of English who are beginning the study of Spanish. It is designed to supplement the Spanish textbook. The common grammatical terms that are necessary for learning to speak and write Spanish are explained in English and illustrated by examples in both Spanish and English. The…

This grammar is a self-study manual intended to aid native speakers of English who are beginning the study of French. It is designed to supplement the French textbook, not to replace it. The common grammatical terms that are necessary for learning to speak and write French are explained in English and illustrated by examples in both French and…

The theoretical notions of "grammaticalness" (in terms of sentences of a language) and "competence" (the user's knowledge of grammatical sentences of his language) are tested in one aspect: surface ordering of elements in putative English sentences. This paper reports the results of an initial contrastive experiment, with a sequence of studies to…

The main function of contrastive analysis in language teaching should be that of explaining why errors occur rather than predicting error (which is best accomplished by careful statistical analysis of actual mistakes). For example, although both Russian and French students of English will omit the indefinite article in such sentences as "My father…

In his article "Contraction, Deletion, and Inherent Variability of the English Copula" ("Language," 1969, William Labov asserts that the affinities of Black English (BE) with Standard English (SE) are evidenced by the fact that BE copula deletion occurs in those positions where SE copula contraction may occur. This paper examines the conclusions…

Offers a systematic statement of the lexical differences between "noch" and "schon," which should serve teachers better than their intuitive feelings for those words. (IFS/WGA)

Discusses, using German and Italian as an example, sentences containing the indefinite agent (German "man") and reflexive and passive constructions, showing contrasts between equivalent structures in the two languages. (IFS/WGA)