The ability to adjust movements in response to perturbations is key for an efficient and mature nervous system, which relies on two complementary mechanisms -- feedforward adaptation and feedback control. We examined the developmental trajectory of how children employ these two mechanisms using a previously validated visuomotor rotation task,…

This paper introduces an application of cross-classified item response theory (IRT) modeling to an assessment utilizing the embedded standard setting (ESS) method (Lewis & Cook). The cross-classified IRT model is used to treat both item and person effects as random, where the item effects are regressed on the target performance levels (target…

Background: Self-leadership is of significant importance to the growth and development of college students. However, few studies have systematically examined how teachers and college students can work together to cultivate the self-leadership of college students. Aims: Based on the social cognitive theory, this paper aims to propose and teste a…

A personal annotation is a rich object with an important cognitive facet. In the e-Learning context, learners' annotation can contain important emotional features. These features can be used to recognize the learner's emotional state during the learning session; very important feedback that has been lost in e-Learning mode in comparison to…

A potential negative consequence of high-stakes testing is inappropriate test behaviour involving individuals and/or institutions. Inappropriate test behaviour and test collusion can result in aberrant response patterns and anomalous test scores and invalidate the intended interpretation and use of test results. A variety of statistical techniques…

In this study, we used the application software installed on students' smart phones as instantly interactive tools during class time in a flipped learning context. One popular daily-life instant interaction application, "Line", provided the students with text or multimedia feedback in time sequence; one non-daily instant interaction…

Response styles introduce construct-irrelevant variance as a result of respondents systematically responding to Likert-type items regardless of content. Methods to account for response styles through data analysis as well as approaches to mitigating the effects of response styles during data collection have been well-documented. Recent approaches…

Feedback is used in experiential learning to help occupational therapy (OT) and occupational therapy assistant (OTA) students develop the specific knowledge and skills needed to become entry-level practitioners. However, many students do not use the feedback given by fieldwork (FW) educators or perceive it as helpful in improving performance.…

As low-stakes testing contexts increase, low test-taking effort may serve as a serious validity threat. One common solution to this problem is to identify noneffortful responses and treat them as missing during parameter estimation via the effort-moderated item response theory (EM-IRT) model. Although this model has been shown to outperform…

As principals seek to strengthen their impact on teaching and learning, it is critical to understand how principals provide feedback to teachers about their instruction and the focus of those conversations. This study examined the content and quality of principals' (N = 4) verbal feedback to teachers (N = 11) during post-observation conferences (N…

Teacher feedback literacy (TFL) is an important aspect of teacher professional development and can exert a huge impact upon student learning. However, it has not received sufficient attention from higher education researchers or feedback researchers. This study reports a novice Chinese university EFL teacher's efforts to develop her feedback…

A total of 40% of children with ASD have clinical symptoms of anxiety. However, there is little research on how teachers respond to this type of behaviour in the classroom. This study aimed to compare teachers' responses towards the anxiety of students with ASD and to explore the relationship between these responses and their ASD awareness and…

The relationship between tutoring and teaching has been a recurrent topic of interest among writing center directors and writing program administrators. While scholarship agrees tutoring experience aids composition teachers with implementing process pedagogy and fostering a collaborative classroom, the relationship between tutoring and assessment…

Background: The feedback offered to students in audience response systems may enhance conformity bias, while asking closed-type questions alone does not allow students to externalize and elaborate on their knowledge. Objectives: The study explores how writing short justifications and accessing peer justifications as collective feedback could…

What can the affective turn mean for literacy educators who believe their work can lay the foundation for a life filled with meaningful reading pursuits, for students who "become" readers and "do" reading? Because reading occurs across and within an elaborate composite of time, space, relationships, histories, discourses, and…