Discusses the importance of the following factors in translation: (1) embedded communication events; (2) the circumstances of the production of a text; (3) the response of receptors to a text; (4) the translator's role in producing a translation; and (5) the response of receptors to a translation. (AM)

Discusses the primacy of thought over speech, and "semantic translation" vs "communicative translation," relating the former to thought, and the latter to speech. (AM)

This article constitutes an introductory handbook to translation. Translation methods are of the communicative and semantic types, or, other types such as formal, interlinear, or stylistic. Principles include problems of meaning, interpretation, text quality, use of standardized and nonstandard languages. Procedures include comprehension and…

The American academic community views translation as a mechanical craft; this article argues that it is a skill, an art and a science, requiring intellectual and creative use of language. The gradual acceptance of translation as a subject for dissertations is discussed, and a survey of translation-related dissertations included. (CHK)

Recent experiments in machine translation have given the semantic elements of collocation in Russian more objective criteria. Soviet linguists in search of semantic relationships have attempted to devise a semantic synthesis for construction of a basic language for machine translation. One such effort is summarized. (CHK)

Describes the identifying chain manifested in different types of Arabic texts, demonstrates the ways a chain is formulated, and highlights the functions performed by such chains. Findings indicate that chains are unifying relations that create texture and structure within texts. (12 references) (Author/CK)

To better serve the growing number of Spanish-speaking couples and families in the U.S., it is useful to have a battery of instruments to assess the nature of their marital distress. This article presents the standard assessment battery that Brigham Young University uses to evaluate marital distress. (Contains 11 references and 1 table.) (GCP)

Discusses the importance of providing Spanish-speaking students with high-quality reading materials in Spanish and avoiding materials that have been badly translated into Spanish. Provides an annotated list of 10 books recommended for young children and a Spanish grammar for more advanced readers. Lists 29 badly translated books. Describes a Web…

Describes procedures implemented by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for the development of national versions of the assessment instruments in all instruction languages used in the participating countries. Presents data that provide empirical information on the effectiveness of these procedures. (VWL)

An examination of German words for emotion, from the perspective of a cognitive theory of emotion, explores how the words, metaphors, affixes, and prefixes picture and value both negative and positive emotions. (CB)

Describes a three-phase approach to teaching translation: (1) decoding the "macro" (beyond sentence level) and the "micro" (sentence or phrase level) elements of the passage; (2) coordinating the elements of the original language text with the target language text; and (3) producing the text in the target language. (CFM)

Perceives a need for new translations and reinterpretations of classical Greek literature. Considers reasons that some translations have passed into oblivion while others remain unsurpassed. Discusses the relationship between modern and ancient languages, the small size of the extant body of classical Greek literature, and the influence of modern…

Excerpts from a recent interview with Netherlands author Annie M. G. Schmidt describe her background and her career as a writer of poems and stories for young children. The interviewer notes that few of Schmidt's works have been translated into English and that their lack of exchange is a persistent difficulty in the field of children's…

Makes a case for dialogic translation, a process in which the translator anticipates the response of the child reader, listens to the reader, and reaches out to the child. This process contrasts with the view that the only way to translate well is to reproduce the original text as faithfully as possible. (NH)

Discusses the need for social workers to work with interpreters as professional teams so that the social worker understands not only the words but also the nuances of the language and culture of non-English-speaking clients. (Author)