This monograph discusses the learning style model for counseling college students. The targeted audience includes college counselors and counselor educators. Six objectives are noted: (1) to increase counselor effectiveness through individual learning style identification and prescription; (2) to provide counselors with a model for matching…

A fundamental assumption in some recently developed language teaching methodologies is that there should be a silent period at the beginning of second language instruction during which students do not speak the target language but develop and demonstrate comprehension in other ways. A number of studies and experiments have attempted to illustrate…

Self-schemas are knowledge-structures that organize information relevant to the "self." Research has demonstrated that persons who are schematic (versus aschematic) for a particular trait process self-relevant information on that dimension more efficiently. To determine whether individual self-schemas are organized into relatively…

It has been hypothesized that college students develop differently in various areas of experience, that they learn to deal with interpersonal relationships early in their college experience, but that they may not have time to develop leisure interests. Instruments designed to assess growth on three of Chickering's student development vectors…

The assumptions individuals make about their personal behaviors have received extensive attention, particularly the concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy. An additional concept, change orientation, refers to assumptions about how to change personal behavior. Approximately 180 subjects ranging from college freshmen to graduate students…

It has been suggested that a procedure based on the logic of Bayesian probabilities would make it possible to assess individual differences in stereotyping. Given the possible advantages of using the McCauley and Stitt (1978) procedures to measure individual differences, three groups of college students were tested to see if they would use Bayes…

Memory has been defined as traces left behind by past information processing. One approach to the study of everyday memory is to isolate reliable differences between individuals in the ways in which they process information when preparing for test events. The Inventory of Learning Processes, consisting of four scales, i.e., Deep Processing,…

A review was made of literature about individual differences in learning style. Four related topics were investigated: (1) learning style as the factor constituting individual differences among students; (2) the necessity of diagnosis to the learning style paradigm; (3) elements making up individual learning style differences; and (4) the…

The stability of sociometric measures and their use for classifying elementary-age children are discussed. This is an important topic because of the assumption that childhood social maladjustment is a very stable and consistent phenomenon. Sociometric scores were collected over a 7-month period in a study of potential developmental differences…

A survey was conducted to obtain teachers' opinions on school prayer and the proposed school prayer amendment currently before the United States Senate. Fifty-five teachers and two student teachers completed a seven page questionnaire which surveyed their personal religious practices and beliefs, their attitudes toward the proposed amendment, and…

This exploratory study was conducted to interpret age and individual differences in 48 kindergarteners' and second graders' performance on a referential communication task in light of the Pascual-Leone Theory of Constructive Operations, a neo-Piagetian theory of cognitive development. Stimulus materials were black and white photographs of dogs,…

This manual is part of a series of human relations programs designed to help individuals develop a sense of self worth and an awareness, understanding, and appreciation of human differences. The stress in these programs is on providing each individual with a model through which to evaluate his own actions and emotions. In this manual,…

This study examines the effects of different kinds of verbal instructions given by teachers on the performance of young children, investigating whether task performance is significantly affected by small changes in verbal content or in the sequence of components of an instruction. Kindergarten children (48 boys and 52 girls) were randomly assigned…

Two experiments investigating the efficiency of communication between 5th grade children from differing socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds are described. In each experiment, 40 same-sex pairs, half male and half female, were formed into dyadic groupings by combining lower- and middle-SES children into the four possible speaker-listener combinations.…

As distance learning plays an increasing role in adult education, instruction to older adults must be adapted for individual learner differences. Two stereotypic adult education client groups have been described: the SAVY adult (Schooled, Active, Verbal, Younger) and the ONUS adult (Older, Non-Verbal, Unschooled, Sedentary). Instructional methods…