This paper reviews several studies on preschoolers' perceptions of alcohol and drug use. The studies make five main points: (1) the process of socialization to alcohol and drug involvement begins earlier than adolescence, and involves the ability to identify alcohol and drugs by name, class, and smell; (2) the process of socialization involves…

This study was designed to assess genetic influence on behavioral inhibition and its varying expression in 92 monozygotic and 86 dizygotic twin pairs. Infant behavior and mother-child interaction were observed and videotaped during structured play sessions at age 14, 20, 24, and 36 months. Analysis of the results suggests that most of the overlap…

This study of the "flow-through" of students through Cleveland (Ohio) Public School buildings between 1985 and 1989 followed four cohorts of students as they progressed through primary, upper elementary, intermediate, and high school buildings. At each level, the characteristics of "stable" students, who remained in the same…

A study re-examined the hypothesis that an identifiable register of child-directed speech (motherese) contributes to child language acquisition. The hypothesis was studied from two perspectives: (1) that it has not been documented adequately at earlier ages; and (2) that individual differences in style of language acquisition interact with…

Nonnative speakers learn to write just as native speakers do, by learning to adjust their "monitors." Teachers too often focus on form rather than on the students' interests and abilities. With the monitor working at a low level, beginning writers can use their store of acquired skills, and with the monitor level higher, they can…

The psychology of personality has always attempted to define the individual in relation to normative data. However, personality theory should be attempting to define individuals from an interactive measurement model, examining the individual in terms of his own subjective impressions about what he does, with a conception of what he does not do.…

Historically, theories of personality development assigned prominence to the construct of autonomy, which often represented a developmental endpoint. To develop and validate an observer measure of autonomy and to further describe the dynamics underlying the personality and behavior of autonomous individuals, a 10-item scale (Auto CQ) was developed…

The study investigates the use of language patterns in specified social contexts in children and adults, within families, among three different ethnic and geographical groups in the U.S.: Central Texas Mexican Americans, Miami Cuban Americans, and New York Puerto Ricans. (Author/DEP)

Thirty-six studies on individualizing instruction in arithmetic are reviewed, and the general findings emerging from the combined research are discussed. (SD)

The personal teaching objectives of a national sample of college and university teaching faculty during the 1972-1973 academic year are contrasted with the goals that they attribute to their institutions. A greater emphasis on vocational and community services goals are projected for future sociological training. [Available from American…

A clear understanding of the definition and aim of management ca provide a standard for measuring the performance of a manager. Managerial training programs must recognize each manager as a unique individual and focus on the importance of on-the-job performance as the only valid measure of managerial capability. (MW)

This final report reviews a program of theoretical and empirical research focusing on the ability determinants of individual differences in skill acquisition. An integrative framework for information processing and cognitive ability determinants of skills is presented, along with principles for ability-skill relations. Three major patterns of…

This publication focuses on the need for school environments conducive to teaching and learning, for parents who give positive support, and for students who are motivated to learn. The publication is based upon contemporary research into the relationship of students' interest in learning and achieving to their academic success. It presents ideas…

A description is given of an ongoing collaborative research effort consisting of a series of studies with 3- to 5-year-old children, designed for the purpose of: (1) identifying factors contributing to motor learning/performance during the development years, i.e., psychological, sociological, and experiential variables; (2) determining the…

Research has compared employed and non-employed women in the areas of depression, reported psychological problems, alienation, role conflict, marital problems, life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and anxiety. A review of this research generally revealed no differences between employed and non-employed women. Those studies which reported…