Objective: To assess the perceptions of rural and urban Costa Rican adolescents regarding which barriers and motivators affect their adoption of an active lifestyle. Design: Data were collected in focus group discussions. Participants: 108 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 18 from the 7th to 11th grades. Setting: Two urban and 1 rural high…

In the political discourse, the idea that organising continuing education according to the rules of the market would improve the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of continuing education programmes is gaining significance. In this article, we endeavour to subject some elements of this fundamental option in continuing education policy to an…

In volleyball officiating, two areas of concern are overlapping and ball-handling calls. Overlapping involves the illegal positioning of players during the contact of the serve by the server. It is imperative that officials be able to recognize overlapping violations in order also to recognize back line player violations. Consistency in ball…

A description is given of the Junior High "Brain Bowl", an academic competition based upon the television format used in the "College Bowl". Two teams of six players each are asked questions by a moderator. The first team to answer correctly wins two points. Incorrect answers result in a loss of a point. The game is played over a period of three…

A study examined the effect of market structure on suburban newspaper circulation and existence, specifically investigating whether the structure of the central city newspaper market influences the following: (1) the existence of a weekly or bi-weekly suburban newspaper; (2) the existence of a daily suburban newspaper; and (3) the circulation of…

Studies investigating intrinsic motivation and competition have supported the view that competition decreases intrinsic motivation. More recent studies suggest that the specific outcome of a competition (a win or a loss) differentially affects intrinsic motivation by highlighting the informational rather than the controlling aspect of the reward…

Decreasing competition between daily newspapers led the United States Congress to pass the Newspaper Preservation Act (NPA) of 1970, providing limited exemption from antitrust laws for newspapers working under joint operating agreements. The bill was passed after the Justice Department successfully brought suit against two Arizona newspapers that…

A series of five experiments revealed a striking point-for-point correspondence between the effects of a reinforcer in escape conditioning and the effects of competition cessation in competitive performance. (Author/MP)

Economic analysis indicates that divesting networks from owned stations, while not solving all the basic criticisms involving lack of diversity in programing, would allow for more competition in the major television markets, and remove one of the barriers to the entrance of new independent programing. (JMF)

Mainstreaming must be conceived of, not as changing the special child so that he will fit back into the unchanged regular classroom, but rather as changing the nature of the regular classroom so that it is more accommodating to all children. (Author)

An experimental paradigm is proposed for investigating interpersonal conflicts under conditions of intergroup competition. Two alternative models are proposed and their testable implications are derived and discussed. The effects of predecisional communication are examined and several extensions of the basic paradigm are outlined. (Author/LMO)

The philosophy of the International Summer Special Olympics Games includes striving for mentally retarded athletes' rights, increasing understanding and acceptance of the retarded, emphasis on the individual, the equal importance of varied goals, needs as determiners of competition, equality of competition superceding disability, and an ecological…

Irregularities regarding grants-in-aid assistance to athletes at the University of Illinois in the 1960s caused a scandal, which is described in this article. The results of the scandal and a discussion of intercollegiate athletics follow.(MT)

The Olympic dilemma, the tension between instrumental and expressive functions, may be resolved through application of the contact theory, which specifies conditions under which positive or negative feelings develop through interaction. Changes are suggested in the Olympic format to increase the opportunities for positive outcomes from…

Twenty-seven pairs of gifted children and their siblings completed questionnaires on the sibling relationship. Siblings perceived competition differently: Ss labeled gifted appeared to benefit from competition in terms of self-concept while unlabeled Ss reported negative effects. Both labeled and unlabeled siblings perceived more friction if the…