Item response theory "dual" models (DMs) in which both items and individuals are viewed as sources of differential measurement error so far have been proposed only for unidimensional measures. This article proposes two multidimensional extensions of existing DMs: the M-DTCRM (dual Thurstonian continuous response model), intended for…

Although it is widely known that reading plays a significant role in mathematics performance, it remains unclear how specific reading component skills and item characteristics are associated with adults' mathematics performance. The aim of this study was to investigate reading component skills (printed vocabulary, sentence processing, passage…

Anatomical examinations have been designed to assess topographical and/or applied knowledge of anatomy with or without the inclusion of visual resources such as cadaveric specimens or images, radiological images, and/or clinical photographs. Multimedia learning theories have advanced the understanding of how words and images are processed during…

This article presents the results of our analysis of a sample of 254 Calculus I final exams (collectively containing 4,167 individual items) administered at U.S. colleges and universities. We characterize the specific meanings of foundational concepts the exams assessed, identify features of exam items that assess productive meanings, distinguish…

Background: Insight in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of adults with severe disabilities who are non-ambulatory is important, but a measure is lacking. The aim was to develop a HRQoL measure for this group. Method: The developmental process consisted of the adaptation process of a proxy HRQoL measure for children with severe disabilities…

The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test--Second Edition (KBIT-2) is designed to measure verbal and nonverbal abilities in a wide range of individuals from 4 years 0 months to 90 years 11 months of age. This study examines both the advantages of using Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA) in intelligence tests and the hierarchical order of the items in the…

The Remote Associates Test, generally used in creativity research, has Chinese versions for the three levels of "radical-word-vocabulary." However, research has not been conducted on the influence of the item components on the difficulties among these Chinese Remote Associates Tests (CRATs). The present study selected six item components…

Multistage testing (MST), an adaptive test delivery mode that involves algorithmic selection of predefined item modules rather than individual items, offers a practical alternative to linear and fully computerized adaptive testing. However, interactions across stages between item modules and examinee groups can lead to challenges in item…

The overall aim was to examine the equated values when using different linkage plans and different observed-score equipercentile equating methods with the equivalent groups (EG) design and the nonequivalent groups with anchor test (NEAT) design. Both real data from a college admissions test and simulated data were used with frequency estimation,…

By tailoring test forms to the test-taker's proficiency, Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) enables substantial increases in testing efficiency over fixed forms testing. When used for formative assessment, the alignment of task difficulty with proficiency increases the chance that teachers can derive useful feedback from assessment data. The…

This article extends multivariate generalizability theory (MGT) to tests with different random-effects designs for each level of a fixed facet. There are numerous situations in which the design of a test and the resulting data structure are not definable by a single design. One example is mixed-format tests that are composed of multiple-choice and…

For any testing programs that administer multiple forms across multiple years, maintaining score comparability via equating is essential. With continuous testing and high-stakes results, especially with less secure online administrations, testing programs must consider the potential for cheating on their exams. This study used empirical and…

A potential negative consequence of high-stakes testing is inappropriate test behaviour involving individuals and/or institutions. Inappropriate test behaviour and test collusion can result in aberrant response patterns and anomalous test scores and invalidate the intended interpretation and use of test results. A variety of statistical techniques…

Background: As technology moves rapidly forward and our world becomes more interconnected, we are seeing increases in the complexity and challenge associated with scientific problems. More than ever before, scientists will need to be resilient and able to cope with challenges and failures en route to success. However, we still understand…

One of the primary goals of international large-scale assessments in education is the comparison of country means in student achievement. This article introduces a framework for discussing differential item functioning (DIF) for such mean comparisons. We compare three different linking methods: concurrent scaling based on full invariance,…