Causal mediation analysis has gained increasing attention in recent years. This article guides empirical researchers through the concepts and challenges of causal mediation analysis. I first clarify the difference between traditional and causal mediation analysis and highlight the importance of adjusting for the treatment-by-mediator interaction…

The current study ascertained the influence an instructional module had on enhancing students' understanding of chemical reactions and acid-base topics. The sample size for this study consisted of 197 students, including 101 in an "experimental" group and 96 in a "control" group, selected from schools in two Districts…

This study introduces a novel Connectivist model for professional development (PD) aimed at enhancing AI literacy among bilingual/ESL teachers in K-12 education. As AI technologies rapidly reshape educational landscapes, effective PD programs are essential to equip educators with the skills to integrate AI responsibly and equitably. Grounded in…

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of computer-assisted instruction [CAI], incorporating virtual reality [VR], on the academic achievement of 6th-grade students in Science courses. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group. Lessons in both experimental and control groups were…

Background: Computer-mediated writing classes have experienced a significant increase in popularity in recent years, serving as an effective modality for enhancing writing skills within an online framework. Objectives: This study seeks to bridge the gap in the literature by investigating the effectiveness of cognitive, social, and group-awareness…

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of AI-assisted pair programming on undergraduate students' intrinsic motivation, programming anxiety, and performance, relative to both human-human pair programming and individual programming approaches. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was conducted over two academic years (2023-2024) with 234…

With the continuous development of embodied cognition theory and virtual reality (VR) technology, its application in teaching has been paid more and more attention by researchers. However, there are still few practical studies on the combination of VR technology and embodied learning. Starting from literature research, the paper analyzes the…

Background: This study examines the evolution of English speaking proficiency test methods, which have traditionally relied on face-to-face interactions to assess communicative language competence. Recently, computer-based language tests have also been used on a larger scale, albeit with concerns about their impact on measurement. Objectives: This…

Previous studies have shown that demographic factors can influence parental mediation strategies during children's digital gameplay. However, little is known about maternal and paternal mediation in Iranian families. This study examined the relationship between maternal and paternal mediation (restrictive, active, viewing, technical, and…

Despite the influx of research examining various aspects of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) applications (apps) over the past two decades, there have been no head-to-head studies that have investigated the comparative effectiveness of different mobile apps. The current study addresses this gap by directly comparing two of the most…

Providing pre-training on new material can simplify complex content for learners who may need guidance to understand basic facts and organize their efforts. However, the effect of pre-training on learning outcomes is controversial because it tends to vary by context. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of pre-training in reducing…

Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) is known to develop advanced cognitive skills, particularly in complex subjects like geography. However, integrating Spherical Video-Based Virtual Reality (SVVR) with IBL remains underexplored. This study proposed an SVVR-based IBL approach to enhance geography education for high school students in Thailand. A…

This study explored the perceptions of learners, teachers, and administrators on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the higher secondary school education scenario of Kerala. The study was a comprehensive survey, and sample groups included 360 students, 60 teachers, and 5 administrators. Both qualitative methods and quantitative techniques…

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing motor skill training in children with special educational needs (SEN). This qualitative case study explored the perspectives and experiences of experts regarding the integration of VR technology into motor skill training for children with SEN. This study investigated VR's perceived…

Mobile apps are becoming part and parcel of our daily lives. Hence, this study examined the differential effects of app modes on listening comprehension and recognition. From a pool of Egyptian EFL sophomores, 107 students were randomly assigned into 3 groups practicing mobile-assisted listening in 3 modalities: Unimodal (n = 35), Bimodal (n =…