Analyzes three different types of discrimination. Individual and institutional discrimination refer to actions intended to have a negative impact on women and minorities. Structural discrimination refers to policies supposedly neutral in intent but that produce negative effects. Provides concrete examples of each. (MJP)

Suggests that children's books can socialize children to cultural norms, including gender roles. Maintains that male images are more dominant in children's literature than are female images. Provides guidelines for analyzing children's books for sexism. Includes an annotated bibliography of books for 4- to 6-year-olds that break gender role…

Discusses how communal norms, which emerge gradually across childhood, are a product of social exchanges characteristic of relationships with family members and friends. Distinguishes between communal and exchange relationships. Reviews theoretical and empirical work on adults' use of communal norms and speculates on their developmental…

This study examined cultural differences and similarities in socialization during free play and a waiting task among Japanese mothers and their preschoolers temporarily residing in the United States and U.S. mothers and their preschoolers. Findings suggest an emphasis on autonomy among U.S. dyads and an emphasis on relatedness among Japanese…

Discusses parents' responsibility to provide their children with a moral compass that comprises respect for others, kindness and caring, honesty and honor, and reverence for life. Recognizes that children experience difficulty in achieving goodness and that good behavior sometimes encounters painful consequences. Suggests that parents model…

Discusses educational programs for at-risk limited English proficient (LEP) students and describes pilot studies with fourth graders that tested the feasibility of interactive videodisk lessons (IVL) for LEP students. Topics discussed include socialization, mediation, and cognition; video technology in the classroom; and the role of the teacher.…

Investigates influence strategies reported by men and women at two levels of the organizational hierarchy--lower-level and higher-level managers. Finds that gender seems to make a marginal overall difference in influence choices made in an obligatory situation; this difference is most noticeable between lower-level female and male managers. (MG)

The author maintains that the discourse of critical pedagogy is based on rationalist assumptions that give rise to repressive myths. She reflects on her role as a White, middle-class woman and professor developing an antiracist course with a diverse group of students. She critiques the concepts of empowerment, student voice, dialogue, and critical…

Uses New York City schools as a case study in the translation of national policy into local action during World War I. Examines how the Board of Education initiated the intertwined tasks of stimulating patriotism and promoting Americanization. Discusses how schools were used as channels of communication to all Americans. (JS)

Rejects sociobiological theories on female academic achievement and bases findings on social structure to explain why undergraduate women at Oxford University (England) achieve fewer first places and more second places in class honors. Bases theory on bipolarity of gender as an organizing principle of society. Claims that the double bind of social…

Orientation toward global and national issues of 332 Canadian and American preservice social studies teachers was assessed using the World Affairs Analysis (WAA). A sample hypothetical problem illustrating WAA and discussion of study implications for teacher training and K-12 instruction are included. (IAH)

This article discusses findings from a seven-year longitudinal study of 24 junior high students. The study examined ways in which student beliefs about the future were affected by school, family, the economy, and peers. The effects of race, gender, and class on student dreams were also examined. (IAH)

Assesses the impact of the changing role of women in the People's Republic of China on the attitudes of Chinese youth. Results indicate that the sex role orientations of Chinese students were similar to those of American students. (MW)

Assessed the differential effects of academic versus socioemotional focuses in kindergartens. Subjects were 307 predominately African-American children in 86 inner-city classrooms. Found a detrimental impact of an overly academic focus in kindergarten on young boys' development and school achievement. Although girls were developmentally more ready…

Examined effects of participation in school-based helper program on adolescents' self-image, attitudes, and behaviors. Seventh-grade students (n=171) were divided into 2 groups, 1 required to engage in volunteer helping activities. Gender-specific results showed that boys in helper program showed positive changes in self-esteem relative to other…