In Part 1 of this series, the authors briefly reviewed some challenges inherent in using standardized tools with students who are not well represented in norming data. To help readers clearly conceptualize the framework steps, the authors present two case studies that showcase how a nonstandardized approach to assessment can be individualized to…

Evaluating teacher AI competence levels and building effective, safe, and healthy learning environment are crucial steps in transitioning to AI-based education. Current established digital competence frameworks may indirectly address AI competence but often overlook the impact of AI on society, ethics, and assessment. Research on teacher AI…

Purpose: Intentional communication acts, or purposefully directed vocalizations and gestures, are particularly difficult for infants at elevated likelihood for eventual diagnosis of autism. The ability to measure and track intentional communication in infancy thus has the potential to aid early identification and intervention efforts. This study…

This study aimed to adapt the Plurilingual and Pluricultural Competence scale (PPC) to the Russian-speaking population and to assess its psychometric properties. Five hundred and sixty-four undergraduate students from Western, Central, and Caucasian regions of Russia and Kazakhstan participated in the study. Internal consistency, factorial,…

Starting in April 2025, ACT will introduce enhanced forms of the ACT® test for national online testing, with a full rollout to all paper and online test takers in national, state and district, and international test administrations by Spring 2026. ACT introduced major updates by changing the test lengths and testing times, providing more time per…

This report summarizes some of the evidence supporting interpretations of scores from the enhanced ACT, focusing on reliability, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and score comparability. The authors argue that the evidence presented in this report supports the interpretation of scores from the enhanced ACT as measures of high school…

Purpose: We hypothesize that alphabet learning during early childhood matters for reading and spelling in alphabetic languages. In this preregistered study, we conceptually replicated and extended work on children's alphabet learning trajectories and associations with Grade 1 outcomes. Method: Preschool-aged English-speaking U.S. children (n =…

In March of 2025, brightwheel, a San Francisco-based educational technology company, partnered with the Center for Research and Reform in Education (CRRE) at Johns Hopkins University to test brightwheel's product, the Experience Assessment. The assessment was designed to provide early childhood educators with an objective and systematic way to…

Self-efficacy and anatomical knowledge have been shown to be important in the development of medical students. Validated instruments designed to measure the construct of anatomical self-efficacy during the clinical years of medical school are limited. In this study, the Anatomical Self-Efficacy Instrument for Clinical Clerkships (ASEI-CC) was…

Although there is abundant evidence for the use of first-language (L1) knowledge by bilinguals when using a second language (L2), investigation into the impact of L1 knowledge in large-scale L2 language assessments and discussion of how such impact may be controlled has received little attention in the language assessment literature. This study…

The landscape of undergraduate biology education has been shaped by decades of reform efforts calling for instruction to integrate core concepts and scientific skills as a means of helping students become proficient in the discipline. Assessments can be used to make inferences about how these reform efforts have translated into changes in…

Drawing on a growing body of research on the interface between corpus linguistics and second/foreign language testing and assessment, we adopted "Peykare," a large-scale, annotated, Persian written language resource to evaluate the content (i.e., coverage and typicality) and construct validity of a Persian language proficiency test…

Identifying the determinants of positive coping is a critical step in empowering the parents of children with intellectual disability. In this context, this study aims to develop a scale to assess the determinants of positive coping. Accordingly, culturally relevant items were pooled, got validated by experts and refined. The scale was…

International assessments inform education policy debates, yet little is known about their floor effects: To what extent do they fail to differentiate between the lowest performers, and what are the implications of this? TIMSS, SACMEQ, and LLECE data are analyzed to answer this question. In TIMSS, floor effects have been reduced through the…

This study investigated the technical characteristics of four early measurement curriculum-based measures (EM-CBMs) designed to assess concepts related to linear measurement and iteration. The sample consisted of 221 first grade students. Data were collected at two time points approximately 10 weeks apart. Reliability and concurrent and predictive…