This article describes how children learn the basic addition and subtraction facts, why many have difficulty mastering these basic skills, and what teachers can do to prevent or overcome these learning difficulties.

The America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-358) was put in place to invest in innovation through research and development, to improve the competitiveness of the United States, and for other purposes. The table of contents for this Act is as follows: (1) Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents; (2) Sec. 2. Definitions; and (3)…

This brochure contains two activities for upper elementary, middle school, and high school students that focuses on the method of "tag and recapture" used to estimate wildlife populations. The first activity involves students in tagging and recapturing animal shaped cookies and building a data table used to estimate the total number of…

This publication is designed to help teachers increase awareness of multicultural issues for all students while making science and mathematics more relevant and approachable to children of color. The activities presented in this book are both multicultural and hands-on; they are discoveries to be made by the reader. They will allow teachers and…

Mathematical concepts presented within disciplines outside mathematics are either assumed to be already familiar to the students, or else, they are regarded as being peripheral to the appreciation of the content of the nonmathematical lesson. Because it is routinely included without regard for possible students' interpretations, the mathematical…

This paper describes an approach to item analysis that is based on the estimation of a set of response curves for each item. The response curves show, at a glance, the difficulty and the discriminating power of the item and the popularity of each distractor, at any level of the criterion variable (e.g., total score). The curves are estimated by…

In educational tests, subscores are often generated from a portion of the items in a larger test. Guidelines based on mean-squared error are proposed to indicate whether subscores are worth reporting. Alternatives considered are direct reports of subscores, estimates of subscores based on total score, combined estimates based on subscores and…

This booklet provides worksheets for children in preschool through grade one. The focus is on developing number concepts, with activities on matching numbers with pictures and on completing sequences, addition and subtraction facts, measurement ideas, fraction ideas, and identifying shapes. (MNS)

An experimental test battery (the Johnson O'Connor Research Foundation battery) designed to measure numerical facility was administered to 1,451 subjects at 12 testing centers across the United States over a 5-month period. Five work samples were included: (1) arithmetic; (2) counting backwards; (3) number reasoning; (4) rule learning; and (5)…

Arguing that the seller of creative works--including audio and video productions and computer software--will be affected by the ability of consumers to make high quality copies of these works, this paper examines the theoretical effects of copying on the sellers of originals and speculates about ways to estimate these effects empirically. The…

Children learn arithmetic procedures by rote, rather than by constructing them with an understanding of numbers. Rote learning produces lack of flexibility, nonsensical errors, and other difficulties. Proposed is a theory of conceptual understanding and its role in learning and executing arithmetic procedures. The basic hypothesis is that…

Described in the context of a computer simulation are highlights of a program of research focusing on the storage of mathematics problem solving information in young children's memory and the development of such knowledge structures in older children. Specifically discussed are the problem size effect, the network nature of the memory…

Introductory statistics texts give extensive coverage to two-sided inferences in hypothesis testing, interval estimation, and one-sided hypothesis tests. Very few discuss the possibility of one-sided interval estimation at all. Even fewer do so in any detail. Two of the business statistics texts we reviewed mentioned the possibility of dividing…

Seven activities are presented in this student workbook designed for an exploration of small business ownership and the use of the calculator in this career. Included are simulated situations in which students must use a calculator to compute property taxes; estimate payroll taxes and franchise taxes; compute pricing, approximate salaries,…

The calculator is used to explore the distributive property of a unary operator over a binary operator. This is an extension of an earlier paper. The emphasis is on student discovery of the property for various combinations of the operators. Instructional material contained in the report include a reference sheet of questions for potential…