To understand the ways that manipulatives might support changes in students' reasoning about algebraic generalizations, a constructivist teaching experiment was conducted with two sixth-grade students. The students interpreted numerical situations with units of one and could construct units of units in mental activity. Initially, the students'…

Background and objectives: An early understanding of numerosity is crucial to developing proficiency in arithmetic, and rapid pattern recognition via subitizing is key in this process. The training app "LORE" specifically targets and cultivates pattern recognition skills from the beginning of formal schooling. This study investigated…

The federal government is the largest source of academic research and development (R&D) funding in the United States, providing funds through more than two dozen federal agencies. U.S. colleges and universities, often referred to as institutions of higher education (IHEs), play a role in the U.S. R&D ecosystem and in supporting American…

Although proponents of digital game-based learning (DGBL) argue that educational games engage students and afford better learning outcomes, the impact of specific game elements on computational thinking (CT) outcomes and motivation remains unclear. Research suggests that different game elements in DGBL may elicit varying levels of motivation and…

In this piece I outline the history of the university in terms of a shift from a place concerned with the contemplation of the unknowable and the infinite to a machine focused on instrumental rationality, calculation, and computation. Reading this history through Lyotard's work on the post-modern condition and the emergence of the knowledge…

Computational thinking is an important skill applicable to multiple disciplines and can be difficult to teach due to the stress and frustration novice learners feel from cognitively challenging learning activities. While existing theories like Zone of Proximal Development, Flow Theory, and Zone of Proximal Flow suggest that an ideal mode of…

This paper documents the Making CT researcher-practitioner partnership, designed to support in-service elementary teachers in understanding and integrating computational thinking into their disciplinary teaching. Drawing from this collaborative work with teachers, over a sustained time, we describe the shifts in teachers' integration of CT into…

There have been several attempts to conceptualize and operationalize pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in the context of teachers' professional competencies. A recent and popular model is the Refined Consensus Model (RCM), which proposes a framework of dispositional competencies (personal PCK--pPCK) that influence more action-related…

Value-Added Models (VAMs) are both common and controversial in education policy and accountability research. While the sensitivity of VAMs to model specification and covariate selection is well documented, the extent to which test scoring methods (e.g., mean scores vs. IRT-based scores) may affect VA estimates is less studied. We examine the…

Background/purpose: Several previous studies have attempted to develop Android learning media for elementary students beginning to learn counting. However, no media with a levelled adventure theme exists. The purpose of this research is to develop an android-based learning media, B'Math, to improve elementary students' counting skills.…

Background/purpose: Computational Thinking is a fundamental problem-solving skill. As its importance has been recognized by the scientific community, it has been incorporated into the curricula of several countries to foster its development from the earliest years of schooling. Therefore, it is essential to design training programs that equip…

Tables are fundamental tools for handling data and play a crucial role in developing both computational thinking (CT) and mathematical thinking (MT). Despite this, they receive limited attention in research and design. This study investigates pupils' attitudes toward and approaches to working with tables in informatics education, focusing on the…

Theories linked to embodied cognition emphasise the importance of kinaesthetic learning in shaping higher-order cognitive processing. By spreading the cognitive load to other senses while still contributing to central schema, embodied learning can build long-term memory and engagement, especially in young children, leading to improved performance.…

This study investigated the influence of spontaneous focusing on numerosity (SFON) tendency on the performance and estimation patterns on number line estimation (NLE). To examine this question, 147 preschoolers (3.51-4.52 years) completed two types of SFON task (referenced SFON task and non-referenced SFON task) and three conditions of NLE…

This article presents some equivalent forms of the common Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 and 20 estimators for nondichotomous data belonging to certain other exponential families, such as Poisson count data, exponential data, or geometric counts of trials until failure. Using the generalized framework of Foster (2020), an equation for the reliability…