Standardized observation systems seek to reliably measure a specific conceptualization of teaching quality, managing rater error through mechanisms such as certification, calibration, validation, and double-scoring. These mechanisms both support high quality scoring and generate the empirical evidence used to support the scoring inference (i.e.,…

Students' competence in solving trigonometry has been in doubt but little attention has been given in the area of research. An assessment of students' answers to trigonometry problems is crucial to dealing with their conceptual challenges. This study employed a descriptive qualitative research design, with the goal of evaluating errors made by…

This paper reports on a two-part investigation into how students think about and use summation (sigma) notation. During an instructional design experiment, two participating students struggled with this notation, but also reasoned about it in creative ways. This motivated a follow-up study in which we administered a free-response three-item survey…

Verb-marking errors such as "she play football" and "daddy singing" are a hallmark feature of English-speaking children's speech. We investigated the proposal that these errors are input-driven errors of commission arising from the high relative frequency of subject + unmarked verb sequences in well-formed child-directed…

"Stochastic programs," which are programs that produce probabilistic output, are a pivotal paradigm in various areas of CS education from introductory programming to machine learning and data science. Despite their importance, the problem of automatically grading such programs remains surprisingly unexplored. In this paper, we formalize…

Recent work reveals a left digit effect in number line estimation such that adults' and children's estimates for three-digit numbers with different hundreds-place digits but nearly identical magnitudes are systematically different (e.g., 398 is placed too far to the left of 401 on a 0-1000 line, despite their almost indistinguishable magnitudes;…

Equating error is usually small relative to the magnitude of measurement error, but it could be one of the major sources of error contributing to mean scores of large groups in educational measurement, such as the year-to-year state mean score fluctuations. Though testing programs may routinely calculate the standard error of equating (SEE), the…

In single-case research designs (SCDs) to determine a functional relation a time-series graph is constructed. Preliminary evidence suggest the approach used to scale the vertical axis and the data points per x- to y-axis ratio (DPPXYR) impact visual analysts' decisions. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate time-series graphs published in…

The most common challenges students face in solving first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) can be overcome by identifying the types of errors, understanding the factors that cause difficulties, and finding appropriate solutions. Therefore, this research aimed to adopt a descriptive qualitative approach, including nine sixth-semester…

Handwriting difficulties may signal dysgraphia or other writing difficulties that can affect literacy performance. Existing instruments measure different handwriting features to identify students for interventions but can take extra testing time and restrict potential indicators appropriate for evaluating adolescents. This exploratory study aimed…

Background: Although it is well established that students' adaptive reactions towards errors promote learning outcomes, little is still known about the role of error feedback in promoting these reactions. Aim: Through a targeted intervention based on an online teaching unit, this study aimed at testing whether supportive error feedback promotes…

Background: Dealing with errors in the classroom is a crucial aspect of instructional quality and has multiple consequences for students' own dealing with errors, their learning and their achievement. The available literature on error climate indicates a paucity of research on the effects of perceived error climate on social aspects such as…

For Spanish nouns, masculine gender is unmarked and feminine is marked. Effects of markedness on gender agreement processing are inconsistent, possibly owing to differences between online methods. This study presents a reanalysis of eye-tracking data from Keating's (2022) study on the processing of noun-adjective gender agreement in speakers of…

Students with reading disabilities require instruction and intensive intervention targeted to their current learning needs. Through data-based instruction, educators can monitor student's performance and make adjustments to instruction to better address student needs using both progress monitoring and diagnostic assessment. This article provides…

This interpretive cross-case study investigates complexity in the ways teachers frame mistakes and the reasons behind their framing, challenging the assumption in the literature that productive beliefs about errors generate productive error-handling practices, while unproductive beliefs result in unproductive practices. The study draws on…