Despite the broad appeal of missing data handling approaches that assume a missing at random (MAR) mechanism (e.g., multiple imputation and maximum likelihood estimation), some very common analysis models in the behavioral science literature are known to cause bias-inducing problems for these approaches. Regression models with incomplete…

Effectively teaching scientific reasoning requires an understanding of the challenges students face when learning these skills. We designed an assessment that measures undergraduate student abilities to form hypotheses, design experiments, and interpret data from experiments in cellular and molecular biology. The assessment uses…

Teacher educators must embody an equity-focused orientation when working with preservice teachers. The article shares insights gained from a quantitative exercise as part of a critical autoethnography project. We situate this project as professional development for two teacher education researchers. The goals were to deepen knowledge of and…

This study aimed to improve students' literacy skills in carrying out distance learning and examine the effect of problem-based learning in reverse online classes on statistical literacy skills in distance learning. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic at Prisma University and Manado State University with 198 students taking…

While doctoral leadership programs have widely adopted Improvement Science (IS) as a signature pedagogy, few studies have examined how to best equip doctoral students with the knowledge and research skills they need to utilize IS in practice. More specifically, research is needed to determine the most effective and meaningful pedagogy for…

There is considerable debate and evidence about how governments should regulate contractors and other firms, but little on how government should regulate schools. In the first phase of this study, we focus on the correlation between indices of state charter school policies and measures of charter quantity (market share) and three measures of…

Research questions regarding how, for whom, and where a treatment achieves its effect on an outcome have become increasingly valued in substantive research. Such questions can be answered by causal moderated mediation analysis, which assesses the heterogeneity of the mediation mechanism underlying the treatment effect across individual and…

We consider two-level models where a continuous response R and continuous covariates C are assumed missing at random. Inferences based on maximum likelihood or Bayes are routinely made by estimating their joint normal distribution from observed data R[subscript obs] and C[subscript obs]. However, if the model for R given C includes random…

In 1996, the Chemistry Department at Norwich University converted its two-semester General Chemistry course from a traditional lecture to a Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) classroom. The change to POGIL teaching in Norwich General Chemistry classes was brought about by a steady decline in student performance, as demonstrated by…

Data collected in many biology laboratory classes are on ratio or interval scales where the size interval between adjacent units on the scale is constant, which is a critical requirement for analysis with parametric statistics such as t-tests or analysis of variance. In other cases, such as ratings of disease or behavior, data are collected on…

Longitudinal social network studies can easily suffer from insufficient statistical power. Studies that simultaneously investigate change of network ties and change of nodal attributes (selection and influence studies) are particularly at risk because the number of nodal observations is typically much lower than the number of observed tie…

Selective cutoff reporting in primary diagnostic accuracy studies with continuous or ordinal data may result in biased estimates when meta-analyzing studies. Collecting individual participant data (IPD) and estimating accuracy across all relevant cutoffs for all studies can overcome such bias but is labour intensive. We meta-analyzed the…

Kelley's Discrimination Index (DI) is a simple and robust, classical non-parametric short-cut to estimate the item discrimination power (IDP) in the practical educational settings. Unlike item-total correlation, DI can reach the ultimate values of +1 and -1, and it is stable against the outliers. Because of the computational easiness, DI is…

Structural equation modeling is an ideal data analytical tool for testing complex relationships among many analytical variables. It can simultaneously test multiple mediating and moderating relationships, estimate latent variables on the basis of related measures, and address practical issues such as nonnormality and missing data. To test the…

This study provides empirical support that extracurricular participation correlates positively and significantly to future education, both directly and indirectly. However, which type of extracurriculars are best for students in their pursuit of higher education, sport or non-sport activities? Rooted in Social Capital Theory, the present study…