This study examined two career orientation textbooks to determine the level of sexism, as represented by the Double Standard of Mental Health, in them. The findings indicate tokenism in terms of representing males and females equally in careers. (EJT)

This paper discusses various concepts of tokenism and argues that tokenism is a technique used by the dominant group to resist minority group pressures for change. Reasons for social scientists' neglect of tokenism are given, and those conceptualizations which do appear in the literature are examined. Tokenism is described as a strategy to diffuse…

As women enter nontraditional occupations and training programs, tokenism may develop and its side-effects of visibility, contrast, and assimilation may appear. Each of these effects was encountered by the first class of women cadets at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1976, who received great visibility from the news media. This…

The study reported in this paper was undertaken to determine the number of blacks who graduated from a selected group of nine eastern universities between 1895 and 1945. Conditions and black student experiences during this period are considered and compared with the present. A short review of history prior to 1895 is provided to put into…

The inner-city school needs to be blitzed with high voltage talent and motivated professionals. A sprinkling here and there cannot possibly do the job. Tokenism, public relations, and educational fads have all been tried and all have failed. (Author/SJL)

Limited attention has been paid to the impact of sex role stereotypical thinking on the performance of women in management. The author examines research on organizational factors. differential placement, tokenism, and supervisory bias. (Editor/RK)

Job applicants should be prepared for an interview by doing research on the company and being properly dressed and groomed. To avoid being hired as tokens, minority applicants should ask about stability rate and executive achievement of other minority employees. (JAC)

Examines literature on the power of race to demonstrate how some universities use tenure and promotion committees to show that private universities are more susceptible to the interests of alumni and thus are sometimes less interested in safeguarding the interests of faculty of color involved in controversial research on racial issues. This…

Research on tokenism processes is reviewed and coalesces around two conclusions. First, gender constructs different social contexts for token women and for token men. Second, gender is most usefully conceptualized as a status variable, not something internal to the individual. Gender serves as a status marker such that women's subordinated status…

THE 1954 SUPREME COURT DECISION IN "BROWN VERSUS BOARD OF EDUCATION," DECLARING RACIAL SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS DISCRIMINATORY AND IN VIOLATION OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT, IS A LANDMARK IN AMERICAN LEGAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. IT IS INFERRED FROM THE 1954 DECISION THAT THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM…

Examines tokenism as a neglected concept in race relations theory; suggests that tokenism is the dominant group's mechanism for accommodating minority group pressure for change, while retaining its dominance; discusses dilemmas of the token role; and describes an ideal of the token role, especially in the university, as a guide for further study.…

Presents guidelines for balancing teaching about religions in middle schools and a bias-free atmosphere. Guidelines include: teach religion as a cultural constant that can be integrated across the curriculum; use long-range curriculum planning incorporating best teaching practices into diversity topics; use inclusive language when addressing…

This paper examines the unequal status of women in academic life from the ideological framework of the women's movement and issues a call to action to change this position. The paper discusses the following issues: (1) persons in the majority culture highlight the differences between them and the minority by exaggerating their culture; (2) the…

Preliminary findings from two studies in progress on women and visible minorities in Canadian public and educational administration are presented in this paper, which focuses on the impact of tokenism resulting from differential expectations and their influence on the organizational socialization of managers. Primary data were derived from…

Statistical data is presented in this report to show that the State supported universities and community colleges of Kentucky had an underrepresentation of blacks among tenured and non-tenured faculty at all universities but Kentucky State in 1977. It is pointed out that there was only slight progress, or no progress at all, at the traditionally…