An analysis of the forms of French spoken in one area of France and two regions of Canada, focusing on the "ne" of negative forms and the occurrence of the /l/ in clitic pronouns and definite articles, is presented and possible historical explanations are discussed. (MSE)

The aim of this grammar is to analyze in some detail the mechanisms of the Aleut language as represented by older speakers and by earlier sources, and is intended for both students of Aleut and linguists in general. An introductory chapter gives background on the language's history, linguistic documentation, Aleut dialects, and outside influences.…

Argues that teaching about Italian dialects ought to form an integral part of the Italian curriculum and offers ideas on what could be included in such a course. Points out that the study of these dialects can teach students about the history and synchronic structures of standard Italian as well as the role of Italian sociolinguistics as it…

The discussion of case in grammar focuses on the ways relationships between words in sentences are marked. It describes the familiar systems of suffixes, from languages like Latin, and also the roles of prepositions, postpositions, and the use of the pronominal elements on verbs. One feature of case, the recurrence of apparently idiosyncratic…

Edward Sapir's 1921 publication, "Language, An Introduction to the Study of Speech" is interpreted for beginning students of historical and descriptive linguistics. In his book, Sapir attempts to show (1) what he thinks language is, (2) what variables occur in language due to time and place, and (3) the relationship of language and…

John Searle's treatment of declarations in his (1976) classification of speech acts is examined. Some acts that are classified as declarations by that theorist, especially certain ones relating to religious rituals and literary usage, do not fit the definition of that class and should be reclassified, either in another one of Searle's classes…

A detailed grammar of Buem, one of the Togo-Remnant Languages spoken in Ghana's Volta region, describes the major structures and many minor structures occurring in informal and semi-formal speech. The phonetics and much of the phonology are described in taxonomic terms, and the vowel harmony system, syntax, and morphology are described in a…

THIS BRIEF OUTLINE OF HINDI PHONOLOGY AND GRAMMAR IS INTENDED FOR FIRST AND SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF HINDI WHO HAVE SOME PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE BUT WHO MAY HAVE HAD NO PREVIOUS TRAINING IN LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY. THE AUTHORS HAVE THEREFORE EMPHASIZED SIMPLICITY AND READABILITY RATHER THAN EXHAUSTIVENESS OR ORIGINALITY…

AN EXPLANATION OF THE THEORY OF DEEP STRUCTURE AS IT SERVES TO DESCRIBE THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SIMPLY, CONSISTENTLY, AND COMPLETELY CONSTITUTES THIS LANGUAGE UNIT FOR 11TH-GRADERS. PRESUPPOSING THE STUDENT'S KNOWLEDGE OF PHRASE STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATION RULES, THE CONCEPT OF DEEP STRUCTURE IS ILLUSTRATED IN THE IMPERATIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE…

ALTHOUGH THE LINGUISTS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, AND TEACHERS WHO HAVE STRESSED THE HABITUAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE HAVE MADE MANY USEFUL CONTRIBUTIONS TO LINGUISTIC RESEARCH AND LANGUAGE TEACHING, THERE STILL REMAIN SOME BASIC PROBLEMS. WITH THE PSYCHOLOGIST, PEDAGOGUE, SOCIOLOGIST, AND ANTHROPOLOGIST, THE LINGUIST MUST ATTACK THE GROUP OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED…

THIS MANUAL IS DESIGNED AS TEACHING MATERIAL FOR THE STUDY OF YAKUT, A TURKIC LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY ABOUT 250,000 YAKUTS IN EASTERN SIBERIA (YAKUTIA). THE TEXT IS ALSO ARRANGED TO BE USED FOR SELF INSTRUCTION BY A STUDENT WITH SOME KNOWLEDGE OF ANOTHER TURKIC LANGUAGE. WHILE SUCH KNOWLEDGE IS NOT ESSENTIAL, A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF LINGUISTICS IS…

THIS MANUAL PRESENTS A COMPREHENSIVE GRAMMAR OF TATAR, ONE OF THE TURKIC LANGUAGES BELONGING TO THE NORTH-WESTERN (KIPCHAK) BRANCH. IT IS SPOKEN BY NEARLY FIVE MILLION PEOPLE IN THE AUTONOMOUS TATAR SOVIET REPUBLIC OF THE USSR. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE AND ITS MAIN DIALECTS IS GIVEN IN THE INTRODUCTION, WHICH ALSO INCLUDES A SELECTED…

In the past, linguistic descriptions of the relationships common to passive sentences have not been universally applicable. Junction grammar, a type of generative grammar, is a model that may provide a means of describing universal passive relationships. Junction grammar differs from transformational grammar in that its rules (1) claim other…

Many speakers of Modern Greek have an exaggerated notion of the superiority of their language vis-a-vis Turkish and the languages of Southeastern Europe. It would therefore come as a surprise to some Greeks that Modern Greek lexical elements in Romanian have undergone a substantial stylistic demotion during the past century or so. In this paper…

Development of a typology for linguistic situations has been a continuing concern of sociolinguistic research. Thus far, however, typological studies have served primarily to demonstrate the difficulties involved in such an undertaking rather than producing results of obvious utility. With few exceptions, notably Greenberg 1956 and Pool 1972,…