Purpose: The present study assessed the test-retest reliability of the American Sign Language (ASL) version of the Computerized Revised Token Test (CRTT-ASL) and compared the differences and similarities between ASL and English reading by Deaf and hearing users of ASL. Method: Creation of the CRTT-ASL involved filming, editing, and validating CRTT…

Since its emergence, generative AI has significantly impacted various fields, including English language education. Numerous academic studies have investigated its capabilities in grammar correction, writing evaluation, and dynamics of user interaction. However, there have been insufficient investigations into whether texts generated by such AI…

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has been extensively explored in psychological research, particularly for its influential role in online education systems. Despite its importance, little is understood about how SRL-focused training impacts students' academic experiences. This study seeks to address this gap by examining SRL interventions within…

The objectives of this research were to (1) Develop the lesson plans by using a Flipped Classroom through a 3D Virtual classroom with Metaverse Spatial, (2) Compare the grammar achievement after implementing a Flipped Classroom through a 3D Virtual classroom with Metaverse Spatial, and (3) Explore the students' satisfaction for using a 3D virtual…

This study investigated the intercultural inclusion of international students in Saudi universities, especially the language and culture barriers while interacting with local peers within and beyond classroom settings. Qualitative data gathered through interviews with 12 international students revealed that the Arabic language, shared human…

This study aimed to propose a new method for scoring C-Tests as measures of general language proficiency. In this approach, the unit of analysis is sentences rather than gaps or passages. That is, the gaps correctly reformulated in each sentence were aggregated as sentence score, and then each sentence was entered into the analysis as a polytomous…

Metacognition plays a crucial role in language learning, enabling learners to reflect on and adjust their strategies for more effective learning, particularly when reviewing for quizzes and exams. Technology can be a powerful aid in this context. This study examines the extent to which review-focused cognitive strategies, delivered using an online…

This article offers a critical review of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology English Proficiency Test (MSRT), a high-stakes exam required for postgraduate graduation, scholarships, and certain employment positions in Iran. Despite its widespread use, the design and implementation of the MSRT raise concerns about its validity and…

Although language skills have gained unparalleled momentum in language education, there is a paucity of research on one of the most significant subskills: vocabulary. Due to the underestimation of an efficient method to learn foreign language vocabularies, scant research attention has been dedicated to exploring the best vocabulary learning…

This paper explores the number marking challenges faced by L2 learners of English whose L1 is one of the classifier languages Mandarin Chinese (henceforth Chinese) or Bahasa Indonesia (henceforth Indonesian). It examines whether these groups differ in their marking of English number, and how the speaker's level of proficiency, as well as…

Although the terms 'heritage speakers' and 'heritage languages' are relatively new, the phenomena themselves date back to the beginning of migration. In many situations heritage languages do not survive these changes, but in others they are maintained successfully. This research explores the individual factors that promote the maintenance of…

This study examined the impact of extensive reading (ER) on Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) among advanced-level Chinese EFL learners, the interplay between reading enjoyment and material difficulty, and the challenges and strategies related to online ER. The following research questions are addressed: (a) what are the effects of a semester-long…

Augmented reality (AR) technology has risen as a promising instrument for enriching educational encounters across diverse learning environments. In the realm of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, AR applications have shown potential in improving vocabulary learning and retention among students. This research investigates the effect…

Proficiency in the English language has become a key determinant of success for many individuals worldwide. This trend is particularly pronounced in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China, where English education is emphasized from an early age, establishing it as the primary foreign language and a mandatory component of school curricula.…

Mainland Chinese students (MCSs) represent the largest non-local student group in Hong Kong and their adaptation experiences require more research attention than exists. This study investigates MCSs' psychological adaptation to Hong Kong with a language and social psychological approach by invoking Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) and…