Most educators agree that students' academic grades should be kept separate from measures of organization, engagement, or timeliness. But how do we move toward the goal of all students' being engaged in learning, giving effort, and being conscientious about deadlines without attaching those behaviors to a grade? This seems to be the million-dollar…

Pass rates are key assessment statistics which are calculated for nearly all high-stakes examinations. In this article, we define the terminal, first attempt, total attempts, and repeat attempts pass rates, and discuss the uses of each statistic. We also explain why in many situations one should expect the terminal pass rate to be the highest,…

Grades serve as one of the primary indicators of student learning, directing subsequent actions for students, instructors, and administrators, alike. Therefore, grade validity--that is, the extent to which grades communicate a meaningful and credible representation of what they purport to measure--is of utmost importance. However, a grade cannot…

A course with good learning outcomes is one in which most of the enrolled students achieve the mastery specified in the predefined learning objectives. Since the enrolment is invariably a mix of students with heterogeneous capabilities, the class average grade is a poor indicator of how the class is divided into at least two groups, of high- and…

This study explores teacher candidates' experiences of grading in higher education. A phenomenographic approach was adopted and four qualitatively different categories were identified. Grading was experienced as: self-identification, motivation, personal interpretation and academic enculturation. The results indicate that teacher candidates accept…

There is an increasing trend in cloud adoption of enterprise applications in, for example, manufacturing, healthcare, and finance. Such applications are routinely subject to targeted cyberattacks, which result in significant loss of sensitive data (e.g., due to data exfiltration in advanced persistent threats) or valuable utilities (e.g., due to…

Incorporating readings beyond the textbook is one way to broaden economic content across all courses. While previous studies document the extent to which narrowly defined categories (press readings, scholarly articles) are used, none to date provide details as to how such readings are incorporated. This study was intended to document use in…

Teachers and school leaders frequently express a disconnect in the purpose and importance of teacher evaluation, particularly as it relates to educator growth. At the same time, some schools are beginning to communicate student growth through a standards-based grading philosophy. One way schools might "walk the talk" of their grading…

Construction management education in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) domain is increasingly challenged with managing limited resources while increasing instructors' teaching effectiveness and improving students' learning outcomes. To address this challenge, the authors proposed a new automated activity-on-node (AON)…

Traditional letter and number grades are inaccurate and harmful to children, while research indicates that standards-based grading is both more accurate and better for all stakeholders. However, despite standards-based report cards (SBRCs) coming in many forms, the best number and arrangement of performance level descriptors (PLDs) remains…

Preliminary evidence regarding the effectiveness of a participation-based, formative assessment pedagogy in the laboratory component of undergraduate science classes is presented in this paper. The formative approach to teaching lab is unique in science education given the prevailing paradigm of summative assessment via grading lab reports. The…

High school administrators desire a high graduation rate, and government actors and community members pressure administrators to raise this rate. In the context of this challenging dynamic, principals sometimes compel teachers to alter their grading practices. While amending grading practices may provide the impression of improvement, it is…

Bimodal grade distributions indicate a gap in learning, where the highest quartile of students is skilful in the subject matter, but the lowest quartile is not retaining course material that demonstrates a good level of understanding. Students in the lower quartile do not necessarily have the same challenges as remedial students (i.e., those that…

I show that there are better measures of student college performance than grade point average (GPA) by undertaking a fine-grained empirical investigation of grading within a large public university. The value of using GPA as a measure of comparative performance is undermined by academically weaker students taking courses where the grading is more…

Teachers consider many different kinds of factors in determining student grades. They use a mix of achievement and non-achievement factors in grading decisions, to the criticism of educational measurement experts (Brookhart, 1991; Brookhart, 1993; Frary et al., 1993; Popham, 2009). The factors that influence this decision making are particularly…