ERIC Number: EJ1462720
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025-Mar
Pages: 21
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-1360-2357
EISSN: EISSN-1573-7608
Available Date: 2024-08-30
Developing the AIlessphobia in Education Scale and Examining Its Psychometric Characteristics
Education and Information Technologies, v30 n4 p4471-4491 2025
The purpose of this research is to create a reliable and valid scale to assess AIlessphobia in Education (the fear of being without Artificial Intelligence in education) among university students. In three phases, a sample of 1378 undergraduate students from different faculties at a public university participated in the reliability and validity investigations of the scale during the academic year 2023-2024. Expert comments were obtained to assess the scale's face validity and content validity. The first group sample (n = 420) underwent exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the second group sample (n = 510) underwent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the third group sample (n = 448) underwent criterion-related validity testing. EFA revealed that the scale had a two-factor structure with 18 items that explained 56.23% of the total variance. The CFA analysis verified the scale's two-factor structure and produced good fit values (?[superscript 2]/df = 2.25, CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99; NFI = 0.98; IFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.049; RMSEA = 0.050 [0.42-0.57]). The first factor's analysis showed acceptable values for Guttman's lambda ([lambda] = 0.930-0.948), McDonald's omega ([omega] = 0.923-0.929), and Cronbach's alpha ([alpha] = 0.925-0.935). Similarly, the second factor's analysis also showed acceptable values for these measures ([lambda] = 0.851-0.880, [omega] = 0.850-0.879, [alpha] = 0.847-0.877). Overall, the entire scale demonstrated acceptable values for Cronbach's alpha (0.925-0.935), McDonald's omega (0.922-0.942), and Guttman's lambda (0.940-0.942). Additionally, the scale exhibited a positive and statistically significant correlation with the Firat Netlessphobia Scale, indicating satisfactory criterion validity. Cross-gender invariance analysis was also performed, showing that gender invariance was achieved. The results indicate that this scale is valid and reliable for university students. In conclusion, the scale fills a critical gap in educational research by providing a reliable tool to measure students' fears and anxieties about the absence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in their learning experiences. By accurately assessing this unique form of anxiety, educators and policymakers can develop targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate students' fears and support the integration of AI in education, thereby enhancing its constructive contribution to learning.
Descriptors: Test Construction, Fear, Artificial Intelligence, Psychometrics, Attitude Measures, Undergraduate Students, Test Reliability, Test Validity, Factor Analysis, Criterion Referenced Tests, Factor Structure, Anxiety
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Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Education Level: Higher Education; Postsecondary Education
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1Trakya University, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Edirne, Turkey; 2Trakya University, Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Edirne, Turkey