THE FAILURE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TO CONTRIBUTE LARGE CONSISTENT BODIES OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS HAS BEEN DUE TO FIVE MAJOR FACTORS--(1) FAULTY EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, (2) FAILURE TO CONSIDER ALL OF THE MAJOR INPUT ELEMENTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS, (3) FAILURE TO MAKE MEANINGFUL COMPARISONS (FOR EXAMPLE THE CONTROL GROUP IS NOT…

Traditionally, instructional developers have confronted the following dilemmas: (1) motivation through coercion versus motivation through reward; (2) systems approaches versus intuition; and (3) incremental change versus fundamental change. A more pragmatic approach to institutional change should attempt to: (1) be user centered; (2) provide…

Children's reading performances under directed and nondirected conditions were compared in the case of 300 fourth-grade suburban students. Subjects were divided into high, middle, and low achievement groups of 100 each, and each group was subdivided into experimental and control groups. The directed conditions experimental group read the questions…

Instructional design, course planning, and training program administration are the main aspects treated in this annotated bibliography. Most articles included were published between January 1960 and March 1968. The 447 abstracts appear under the main headings of: learning theory applied to instruction, planning, course management, and program…

In describing parts of a Higher Education Act Title III "Cooperative Project for Strengthening of Developing Institutions," I wish to emphasize the development of organic cooperation among the institutions. Not only the three small state colleges, but also the developed institution (West Virginia University) has profited from the project. Vehicles…

The rationale of the integrated experience approach to teaching botany at Purdue University is given and the history of the audio-tutorial course at Purdue and its present organization are described. A sample week's unit of study is given, including transcription of the tape, reproduction of printed materials and photographs of other materials…

This monograph presents the rationale for the development of a new instructional system; it is part of an effort, sponsored by a consortium of Utah school districts and the State Board of Education, to introduce and implement a systems approach to instruction in Utah public schools. The first half of the paper is a critique of the present…

This study investigated the effect of learning task, instructional quality, and teacher on three indices of Perseverance: Attending Time, Distractability, and Attention Span. Data were secured from 219 students learning elementary school mathematics in an individualized instruction program, the Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) system…

Educational development is a systematic process of creating new alternatives that contribute to the improvement of educational practice. Sources of educational development may be the school itself, colleges and universities, or the instructional materials industry. There are two types of educational development: product development and change…

A model for the audiotutorial learning system was developed which consists of three stages. In the first stage, prelearning activities, the teacher and the learner communicate the goals, objectives, needs, expectations, and rationales for the learning. Also in this stage is a diagnosis-prescription test designed to structure and initiate the next…

Utilization of the principles of instructional systems development and of educational technology can eliminate the inadequacies of instructional program development by the (usually untrained) teacher responsible. The four military services have created an interservice committee on Instructional Systems Development, which has created an…

Engineering has much to offer the field of education in bridging the gap between social sciences and teaching by utilizing scientific findings and experience to improve ongoing educational programs and to create new ones. Partial cause of failures at attempts for educational innovation can be found in the lack of appropriate design and…

The popular belief that providing learners with a list of the behavioral objectives for a set of instructional materials will increase their learning from the material was unsuccessfully challenged by this brief experiment. Sixty-four university students enrolled in an audiovisual education course were divided into 4 groups. Each group was…

This report presents a description of a process for instructional system design, identification of the steps in the design process, and determination of their sequence and interrelationships. As currently envisioned, several interrelated steps must be taken, five of which provide the inputs to the final design process. There are analysis of…

The instructional design presented in this article discusses a procedure for arranging and sequencing examples and nonexamples for concept teaching in the classroom. Concepts are divided into two types: definition and observation. A definition concept is one in which the critical attributes are determined by the definition, e.g., war. Observation…