This study attempted to prove a dichotomy between cognitive processes as measured by Piagetian reasoning tasks and those measured by traditional intelligence tests. A battery of tests (Slosson Intelligence Test, Durrell's Silent Reading and Listening Comprehension Test, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, and the Piagetian Measure of Cognitive…

The main and interactive effects of classroom openness on the achievement and creativity of 103 third graders and 97 fourth graders were assessed by multiple regression analyses. After controlling for student IQ, socioeconomic status, sex, age, anxiety and "family openness," classroom openness was found to be negatively related to achievement and…

A human tutor must have a plan of instruction, but be able to deviate from the plan when the student behavior calls for changes. This paper presents observations of human tutors and describes the FLOW tutor system, a computer-based simulation of a human tutor that is capable of giving advice to a student learning a simple computer language. The…

This report collects together three presentations given by the author at scientific and professional meetings during the Spring of 1977. The first discusses present views of the variety and complexity of individual differences among human beings in the context of current research on cognitive processing in learning and instruction. The second…

This paper describes the philosophy of intelligent instructional systems and presents an example of one such system in the domain of manipulative mathematics--BLOCKS. The notion of BLOCKS as a paradigmatic system is explicated from both the system development and educational viewpoints. From a developmental point of view, the modular design of…

The characteristics of the approximately 2,800 children (in 21 states) enrolled in 24 child service demonstration centers for the learning disabled were evaluated. Focused on were questions such as ages of children, intellectual level, sex distribution, and methods used for the delivery of services. Among findings were that the median IQ was 93;…

This study attempted to determine whether the mental test performance of 77 children tested at 6, 12, and 36 months of age could be predicted from scores on an Inventory of Home Stimulation used to assess the children's home environment during their infancy. The Inventory of Home Stimulation had six subscales: (1) emotional and verbal responsivity…

Compared were the effectiveness of individualized instruction in a mainstreamed open classroom setting and instruction in a traditional classroom setting on the achievement levels of 56 low ability students (grades 1-6). Two groups of Ss, paired for grade level and IQ, were tested after 1, 2, and 3 years of exposure to the models. There was no…

Effects of the different components of the Distar language program were tested on 48 trainable mentally retarded (TMR) children. Three designs were used comparing IQ, sex, continuation status, selected standardized test results, and replicates. Results indicated that the degree of previous formal language training (continuation status) did not…

It was hypothesized in this study that those students exhibiting concrete operational intelligence, which can be measured by a standardized test of conservation, would perform adequately on a test of reading comprehension. One-hundred six first-grade students from a consolidated school system in North Central Pennsylvania were tested with a…

The paper surveys the major projects on the understanding of natural language that fall within what may now be called the artificial intelligence paradigm of natural language systems. Some space is devoted to arguing that the paradigm is now a reality and different in significant respects from the generative paradigm of present-day linguistics.…

Since the 1950's there has been a tremendous shift in the way language and language behavior is viewed. The shift is characterized as a general movement away from surface observation and analysis to attempts at the description and analysis of underlying linguistic forms. The interest in underlying linguistic forms has, in a rather natural way, led…

NLS-SCHOLAR is a prototype system that uses artificial intelligence techniques to teach computer-naive people how to use a powerful and complex editor. It represents a new kind of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system that integrates systematic teaching with actual practice, i.e., one which can keep the user under tutorial supervision while…

Four selected subtests from the WISC, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement and Block Design, were administered to 111 pupils in the third and fourth grades at Florida State University Elementary School. Social reinforcers, i.e., verbal approval and disapproval, were systematically presented to the examinees after specified items and between…

This paper presents data describing large differences between the reading difficulty levels of printed materials used in certain military occupational specialties (MOSs) and the relatively lower reading ability levels of men assigned to these MOSs. Initial data explore the relationship between reading ability and utilization of printed materials…