Two experiments examined the hypothesis that aging is associated with an increase in schema-related influences on memory performance. Attention allocated during the study was disrupted more by lack of scene organization in older adults. There were relatively systematic age differences for retention. (RH)

Twenty-two five-year olds who judged, identified, repaired, and explained phonological and morphological errors performed significantly better on phonological task than on the morphological task. It is proposed that results are due to differences in the type and location of linguistic information to be analyzed and to differences in memory demands…

In this study of the distinction between temporal distance and location, children were asked to judge the relative recency and time of target events that occurred one and seven weeks before testing. All judged recency and localized time of day correctly. Six- and eight- but not four-year olds localized longer time scales. (BC)

Discusses the cultural, ontological, and epistemological principles on which knowledge is organized in Japanese culture. Topics discussed include public knowledge and corporate knowledge; cognition, including field dependent knowledge and group dependent knowledge; communication and image oriented knowledge; memory; and patterns of…

Three experiments involving 222 undergraduates investigated whether and when human memory retrieval is influenced by structural consistency. In all experiments, retrieval competition was manipulated. Results indicate that both retrieval competition and structural consistency influence reminding. Implications for psychological and artificial…

Provides an account of how one English teacher fosters awareness of the metaphorical nature of language and the sensory experience of poetry. Shows how the poem "Mnemonic" by Li-Young Lee can be used to instruct students concerning how poetry speaks to the memories of the reader. (HB)

Finds that undergraduate viewers' schemata can categorize news reenactments as real despite accompanying advisories to the contrary. Finds that visual advisories are more effective than auditory advisories in helping viewers remember reenactments as reenactments, and suggests using distinctive video to draw attention to simulation advisories. (SR)

Explores aspects of autobiographical accounts of childhood. Considers Freudian explanations of how recollections of childhood are bound by memory; then describes the distinctive form of definitions of oneself-as-child and relates them to post-modern theories about the self. Discusses ways in which recollections of childhood are framed by the…

The construct-related validity of the Tower of London-Drexel (TOL-DX), a measure of executive functioning (W. Culbertson and A. Zillmer, 1995) was studied with 129 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results show that the TOL-DX loads prominently on an Executive Planning/Inhibition factor while separating for factors…

Uses a poststructuralist and postmodernist critique, anchored in Foucault's work, to inform a critical ethnography, contending that one way to open up more room for critical and imaginative dialog about fairness, decency, and respect is to encourage the play of memory in ethnographic text. The paper demonstrates the utility of memoirs as a useful…

A script depicting a forgetful young or older person was read by 90 young and 73 older adults. Earlier, one-third read an article about memory declines and aging, one-third read about memory staying constant, and one-third read no articles. Younger subjects who read the decline article attributed memory failures to lack of ability in older…

One hundred Canadian undergraduates read a lengthy expository text, used one of five study strategies for 50 minutes, and completed recall and multiple-choice tests. Students using self-study, repetition, or unsupported elaborative interrogation had difficulty recognizing the passage's main ideas. Elaborative interrogation's effectiveness was…

Focuses on the role of cognitive structures in the reader's knowledge. Argues that causality is an important category in structuring human knowledge and that this property has consequences for text processing. Discusses research illustrating that the more the information in the text reflects causal categories, the more easily the information is…

The experience of grieving the loss of a spouse varies with many factors. Models of the mourning process are reviewed. The roles of thought and memory in the survivor's attempts to move into a new life and identity are discussed. Argues for the inappropriateness of establishing expectations for the nature and duration of grief. (EMK)

Private speech was studied in preschool-age children to determine how widely and with what characteristics it occurs when examined in the familiar home setting. Activities were selected that required several steps and that were intended to engage working memory or longer-term recall. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted on the…