Teachers (n=199) from various school levels completed a questionnaire aimed at determining the types of knowledge teachers use in instructional problem solving. Results show higher use of personal/practical pedagogical knowledge compared with formative or normative knowledge, and suggest an interaction between the type of knowledge used and school…

Analysis of a survey given to 134 deaf and hard-of-hearing college students indicated that these students were not well informed about sexual health and sexuality issues, were engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors, and relied primarily on peers for sexual health information. The need for psychometrically sound measures for this topic and…

Child sexual abuse knowledge was surveyed before and after training of 15 pediatric physicians and medical students and compared to survey responses by 15 physician and student controls and a reference group of 127 physicians and students. The training was effective in increasing knowledge of female genital anatomy, sexually-acquired diseases, and…

To develop a comprehensive and uniform self-report questionnaire, 164 AIDS-related items were identified and placed into five groups: (1) factual knowledge; (2) misconceptions; (3) attitudes; (4) perceived susceptibility; and (5) perceived self-efficacy. These items originated from 18 AIDS studies involving children and adolescents and were…

The impact of detailed information on closed head injury (CHI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) validity scales on malingering psychological symptoms of CHI on the MMPI-2 was studied in an analog experiment with 270 undergraduates. Results suggest the impact of such coaching on simulation of CHI. (SLD)

This special issue deals with the preparation of professional evaluators. Evaluation is considered as a profession that warrants specialized training. Aspects of necessary training and descriptions of current programs are discussed. (SLD)

Shortcomings in A. M. Leslie's nondevelopmental, nonsocial, and restrictively cognitive account of young children's "theory of mind" and capacity to pretend are noted, and the alternative thesis that a young child's metarepresentational capacity arises from, rather than forms the basis of, an understanding that humans have mental states…

Presents a qualitative study of the environmental concerns and attitudes of young people aged 15 to 17 years in Brisbane, Australia. Findings reveal young peoples' expressions of cynicism, frustration, powerlessness, and hope that have not been identified in quantitative studies about youth environmental knowledge and attitudes. (LZ)

The effects of generating versus reading the answers to multiplication problems were studied with 28 2nd graders who had not yet been taught multiplication. Results are explained in terms of a procedural account of the advantage after retention interval for generation. Instructional applications are discussed. (SLD)

Judgments of similarity among mammals, including humans, were elicited from 7 and 10 year olds and adults. Results partially supported a consensus model of shared cultural knowledge. Patterns of deviation from the model appeared between children and adults because of the emergence of a primate category after age 10. (BC)

This study found that mothers (n=40) of extremely high-risk infants (averaging 1000 grams birthweight and 28 weeks gestational age) called upon the same experiences and sources of information as mothers of full-term infants. Infants of mothers with above average knowledge about infancy scored significantly higher on tests of infant development at…

First and second grade teachers (n=275) were surveyed concerning their knowledge about and attitudes toward the whole-language approach to reading instruction. Findings suggest that many teachers are not persuaded that the whole-language approach to reading instruction is to be preferred over other methods such as intensive phonics instruction or…

Examined the relationship between counting knowledge and computational skills for 13 mathematically disabled (MD) first graders who showed a delay in acquiring mathematical skills and 24 nondisabled first graders. MD children's immature counting knowledge and poor skills at detecting counting errors underlay their poor computational skills on an…

The importance and value of modeling in physics teaching is discussed from two different points of view: to teach physics as it is nowadays practiced; and to take into account research into cognitive science and learning. Two kinds of modeling software are briefly described. (40 references) (Author)

Examined extent to which college students (n=180) change their sexual behavior in response to understanding of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Results suggest students have an understanding of AIDS. For this sample, some high-risk behaviors did decrease, presumably as a result of this knowledge, but there was much behavior that still…