The nine essays of this anthology attempt to apply some ideas of the French philosopher/historian Michel Foucault (1926-84) to past and present school practice. However, to follow Foucault's lead is to risk embracing a state of perpetual uncertainty about the fabrication of knowledge and power. (SLD)

The challenge of education is to preserve the imagination, questioning, and theoretical stance of a five year old, but gradually replace unfounded prejudices and mind-engravings with more accurate theories, ideas, conceptions, and stories. Correct test answers seldom signify genuine understanding. Gardner's book "The Unschooled Mind"…

An educational hearing conservation program was designed and presented to 45 normal-hearing third and fourth grade children enrolled in regular education programs. Pre- and posttest data indicated an increase in knowledge of hearing protection techniques, including the use of distributed ear plugs for use during noisy activities. (Author/PB)

Assessed knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among 55 youth in residential centers. Found respondents relatively knowledgeable about AIDS and how to prevent it. Substantial proportion did not hold positive attitudes toward prevention and engaged in unsafe behavior. Short intervention that…

Knowledge of the United States Constitution was investigated for 111 randomly selected college students. Many students had little or no knowledge/understanding of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. No significant differences were found between those who had read the Constitution and those who had never read it. (SLD)

How to measure growth in knowledge and ability over time in curriculum research is explored. Two broad classes of probabilistic models are considered, the Rasch model and latent class models with their associated generalizations. Potential of both classes for measuring categorical change is discussed. (SLD)

Developed instrument to represent knowledge standards in rehabilitation counseling certification/accreditation and identify new knowledge areas. Findings from 1,025 counselors revealed these domains: vocational counseling/consultative services; medical/psychosocial aspects of disability; individual/group counseling; program evaluation/research;…

Shows that, under conditions of high involvement, newspaper use correlated more strongly with knowledge than did television news use; and under conditions of low involvement, newspaper use did not correlate more strongly with knowledge than did television news use. Finds contrary results among survey respondents who held extreme attitudes on the…

Explores the meaning of understanding and the importance of teaching for understanding. Typical classrooms do not give sufficient presence to thoughtful engagement in understanding performance. How to teach for learning is reviewed, focusing on both teaching and assessment. The need for generative knowledge is discussed. (SLD)

Responses of 100 mental health and mental retardation professionals to a questionnaire concerning the concept of age appropriateness in services for people with mental retardation showed that, although most respondents believed in the concept's importance in treatment success, they differed on definitions and applications of the concept. (DB)

Argues that because of the prevalence of media in life, teachers should be as competent in the use of image and media as they are with oral and written language. Discusses how the Geneva (Switzerland) Department of Public Instruction is dealing with a perceived teacher-knowledge gap by offering a one-year media-education course. (PEN)

Discusses and gives a view of the categories of native Hawaiian epistemology: (1) spirituality and knowing; (2) the cultural nature of the senses and expanding notions of empiricism; (3) relationship and knowledge; (4) utility and knowledge; (5) words and knowledge; and (6) the body/mind question. Educational implications are discussed. (SLD)

Examined 18-month olds' intermodal and verbal knowledge about gender. Presented photos of adults or children paired with a female or male voice, or with gender labels. With adult pictures, subjects spent more time looking at pictures with matching voices than at those with mismatched voices. With children's pictures, subjects failed to match faces…

Illustrates three concepts central to responsible citizenship in the information society: information literacy is the basest set of skills and concepts that all citizens must attain to be functionally competent; information seeking is a basic human process; and information science is an emerging interdisciplinary field that invents new systems…

Analyzes intelligence tests as items of symbolic culture. Test takers often do not share the presuppositions about values, knowledge, and communication implicitly assumed by the test. Suggestions are offered to detect, correct, and avoid the cross-cultural misunderstandings that undermine the validity of such tests. (MMU)