Recent evidence has shown that eliciting confidence ratings can affect cognitive performance--a so-called reactivity effect. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for reactivity, but currently there is only indirect evidence about why confidence ratings are reactive. Here, we explore the strategic changes in cognitive processes that…

Hybridization is a bonding model, universally used in organic chemistry, which allows consideration of two-electron localized bonds in organic molecules. Without hybridization, it is almost impossible to describe aspects such as hyperconjugation for the stabilization of carbocations and alkane conformers. Hybridization is often presented in…

Working memory (WM) is a critical cognitive system that supports processing a variety of information. Remembering different types of objects may impose different levels of cognitive demands on WM performance. In the present study, we examined 205 children's WM in representing different types of content and its developmental trajectories in early…

This article presents a theoretical-didactic perspective on the formation and development of concepts concerning mathematical objects as a result of research on didactic difficulties in dealing with concepts in school. The theoretical foundation that supports the research is based on the contributions of the materialist approach to the theory of…

As students have struggled to use the "chip model" (i.e., red and yellow chips representing positive and negative numbers) to model integer addition and subtraction and have found it confusing, the authors developed a series of activities based on adding and removing opposite objects to and from a boat to better help students in this…

We introduce learning modules in cryptography that can be crafted to motivate many abstract mathematical ideas, and we illustrate with a sample module. These modules can be used in a variety of ways, such as the core for a cryptography course or as motivating topics in other courses such as abstract and linear algebra or number theory.

Background: The study of emotions in engineering education (EEE) has increased in recent years, but this emerging, multidisciplinary body of research is dispersed and not well consolidated. This paper reports on the first systematic review of EEE research and scholarship. Purpose: The review aimed to critically assess how researchers and scholars…

This qualitative descriptive case study explores how genealogists describe the mechanism of epistemic change in their research, highlighting the roles of epistemological doubt, epistemological volition, and resolution strategies. It explores the integration of digital technologies in genealogical practices in the United States and their…

Spatial thinking is ubiquitous in design. Design education across all age groups encompasses a range of spatially challenging activities, such as forming and modifying mental representations of ideas, and visualizing the scenarios of design prototypes being used. While extensive research has examined the cognitive processes of spatial thinking and…

Background: Recognizing the relatively few studies that have explored university students' understanding and alternative conceptions in linear and circular motion as well as the relatively few studies that have used 2-dimensional multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in the science education literature, this study set out to contribute to these areas.…

In this contribution, we address the gap that has appeared in mathematics education research and practice with the emergence of dynamic geometry environments and build on the opportunities these environments offer to school geometry. In our qualitative empirical study, we investigate how to elaborate on the general model of conceptual knowledge to…

Chirality continues to intrigue scientists because of its implications in various scientific areas, including the long-unsolved question of its development and link with the origin of life. Chirality plays a significant role in medicine with the advent of chiral drugs and the consequent importance of asymmetric synthesis. For many undergraduate…

The study examines the levels of understanding logarithmic expressions within the frames of a mathematical card game. The game is based on the popular card game Saboteur. In this paper, we analyse the progress of a group of six undergraduate students participating in a remedial course using games for recalling some fundamental mathematical…

Pre-service teachers (PSTs) often encounter challenges grasping the conceptual understanding of fractions, which can affect their readiness to teach this topic. This study investigates a novel approach to enhancing PSTs' comprehension of fractions by focusing on the fraction-as-a-measure meaning within a measurement context. Through a modified…

This study used structural topic models (STMs) to analyze physics pre-service teachers' conceptual understanding of scientific literacy. Participants included 126 physics pre-service teachers studying at Shandong Normal University in China. First, we used an open-ended questionnaire to collect the data. Second, STM was used to classify the data,…