One in a series of nine articles in a section entitled, "Electronic Computer Program and Accounting Machine Procedures.

Presents an analytical framework based on a threefold classification--unequivocal failure, "satisficing," and unequivocal success--and four basic role climates--apathetic, frustrating, tense, and tranquil--that is applied to the elementary school principalship. (Author/WD)

A teacher recounts the case of a creative child who was misdiagnosed as brain damaged and endured failure because of a rigid system that did not allow him to demonstrate his insights and critical thinking. The boy eventually took his own life. (CL)

Suggesting that creativity is a useful frame of reference for some aspects of counseling and psychotherapy, the author considers situational and internal blockages to creative activity and discusses psychologically oriented conditions which favor creativity. (CL)

When correlations between actual university classroom cheating behavior (multiple-choice answer copying) and pretest estimates of success, confidence, and test importance were studied answer copying correlated positively with estimates of success. Confidence in these estimates of success also correlated positively with answer copying, while…

Tribal problems and white harassment combined to end the weekly publication in 1834. (KS)

States that the perception of failure will determine a person's reaction when faced with a problem, how he/she tries to solve the problem, and if he/she is successful/unsuccessful at solving the problem. Argues that failure need not be a threat to personal being but should be a learning tool--an experience necessary for mastery. (PA)

Considers the consequences of expelling California State University students who do not complete remediation within one year. Proposes that the lack of educational choices is analogous to the institutionalized absence of alternatives for basic writing programs. Analyzes the contradictory rhetoric of official policy, linking the elitist return to…

The effects of two levels of task attribution and three levels of outcome attribution as responses to failure were examined. In the study, 181 male Navy recruit subjects were asked to predict the responses of a Navy recruit who received an unsatisfactory training report. (TJH)

Identifies counterproductive grading policies and practices, such as varying grading scales; worshipping averages; using zeros indiscriminantly; following the assign, test, grade, and teach pattern; failing to match testing to teaching; ambushing students; grading first efforts; establishing inconsistent criteria; and failing to recognize…

Training must provide employees with experiences that make them resilient in the face of failure. It should teach employees how to be successful following both success and failure. (JOW)

Analysis of data on 112 MADD chapters suggests that failure of small activist organizations is related to inability of chapter leaders to adapt programs to their community and engage in cooperative community actions. Failure was related positively to county population and negatively to percent college educated. Contains 44 references. (SV)

Examined experienced reading failure among 708 first- and third-grade children. Findings using test-identified failure revealed equal proportions of boys and girls represented in Reading Disabled category. Teacher-identified ratios of boys to girls receiving learning-disabled services were 2:1, exceeding test-identified ratios, whereas…

Interviews with mentors and proteges revealed varied approaches to mentoring: practical external focus, challenging of assumptions, relationship focus, or focus on feelings. "Holistic" mentoring contributed to transformative experiences more than mentoring focused on organizational knowledge. (SK)

Describes how one Maryland school district overhauled its total approach to reading instruction and rescued its struggling students. The problem was more one of poor system design than poor instruction. The research-based intervention was a hybrid of reading recovery and phonics. From 1999-00, the rate of fifth graders reading below grade level…