This paper describes the functional-notional approach to language teaching and learning in terms of the ways it can be used to meet the communicative needs of the potential language learners, particularly adults, who vary in what they want to do in the target language. It contrasts the functional system with conventional approaches, illustrates…

A longitudinal study of English acquisition by a Vietnamese mother and her daughter is reported. Subjects of this study are Lan, a young Vietnamese woman in her late twenties, and her daughter Than, who was four years old at the time this study began. Neither knew any English when they resettled in Texas in the summer of 1975 after fleeing from…

Adult students of English as a second language (ESL) in northern New Jersey were surveyed to determine their perceptions of the relative importance of various aspects of English instruction. The questionnaire was based on a 1974 Adult Performance Level Study (APL). Results of the survey led to the following general conclusions: (1)…

The importance of text materials in foreign language classrooms is a crucial issue and choosing a textbook and supplementary materials becomes a major area of concern for every foreign language teacher. While factors both external and internal to the school narrow the possibility of choice, several points must be considered in the selection…

The outer environment entails all the physical properties a person can perceive or sense from the exterior; the inner environment resides within the individual and may consist of two major properties: (1) one's degree of awareness and perceptual finesse; and (2) the affective domain. Because all of these factors influence learning, one part of…

Within the CRAPEL autonomous learning scheme, modular material is being developed for communicative oral expression. The purpose of this material is twofold: (1) to enable the learner to define his or her own needs in communicative terms, that is, to analyse a situation in terms of communicative acts needed in a given situation, the relationships…

More than two million migrant children within the European community are under the age of 18, and because most are of school age, they must face the problem of fitting into different school systems. Among the obstacles are language barriers, strange environments, cultural differences, differences in school curricula, and home backgrounds in which…

This French phrasebook is intended as a guide to pronunciation and useful words and phrases. All entries are given first in English, followed by the French word in simplified English phonetic spelling, with the French spelling in parentheses. The "Useful Words and Phrases," dealing with subjects such as directions, greetings, numbers, and…

This Turkish phrasebook is intended as a guide to pronunciation and useful words and phrases. All entries are given first in English, followed by the Turkish word in simplified English phonetic spelling, with the Turkish spelling in parentheses. The "Useful Words and Phrases," dealing with subjects such as directions, greetings, numbers and…

This Italian phrasebook is intended as a guide to pronunciation and useful words and phrases. All entries are given first in English, followed by the Italian word in simplified English phonetic spelling, with the Italian spelling in parentheses. The "Useful Words and Phrases," dealing with subjects such as directions, greetings, numbers, and…

This Russian language guide is of assistance in carrying on simple conversations in Russian and is used in conjunction with records. Russian ranks after Chinese and English as the third most widespread language in the world. All the words and phrases are written in a simplified spelling which is read like English. Useful words and phrases include…

This Malay language guide is of assistance in carrying on simple conversations in Malay and is used in conjunction with records. Malay is spoken by people in Malaya, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo and is widely used as a trade language throughout the Netherlands East Indies. The variety of Malay used in the guide (called Low, Bazaar, or Market Malay)…

This Greek language guide is of assistance in carrying on simple conversations in Greek and is used in conjunction with records. All the words and phrases are written in a simplified spelling which is read like English. Useful words and phrases include greetings and general phrases, location, directions, numbers, asking for the name of something,…

The need for an index of development by which second language proficiency could be expediently and reliably guaged has been acknowledged by both second language (L2) teachers and researchers. In two previous L2 studies, the search for an index of development centered on an examination of learner written performance. In an attempt to construct an…

The English speech of an adult native Polish speaker learning English as a second language was analyzed for the acquisition of the English negation system. The types of errors made appeared to be developmental rather than language transfer errors. There was little trouble with single negation in English which contrasts with multiple negation in…