Encoding variability refers to the situation in which repeated items are processed in different ways on each presentation. Superior memory performance resulting from encoding variability is sometimes argued to underlie important phenomena in human memory such as the spacing effect. However, the memory benefits of encoding variability are often…

Built as a national effort to promote excellence in history and civics for all learners, Educating for American Democracy (EAD) brought together content experts, civic education organizations, and school district leaders to identify and outline disciplinary concepts that are essential for robust civic education. The EAD steering committee sought…

This final article brings together the initiatives highlighted at one postsecondary institution. As perspectives of student engagement are synthesized and categorised, facilitating factors are outlined and further questions are considered.

Single-case research designs (SCRDs) are rigorous methods used to investigate the effects of interventions on socially important outcomes. A hallmark of SCRDs is repeated measurement of observable behavior presented in time-series graphs. The construction of time-series graphs can inflate Type I or Type II errors made via visual analysis. In the…

What is a good working definition of "Postmodernity" for the undergraduate in Political Science? "Postmodernism?" What are the differences? This article provides a number of definitions designed to help faculty and undergraduates understand the terms "Postmodernity" and "Postmodernism." The purpose of the…

We reconcile competing theories of the role of phonological memory in reading development, by uncovering their dynamic relationship during the first 5 years of school. Phonological memory, reading and phoneme awareness were assessed in 780 phonics-educated children at age 4, 5, 6 and 9. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that phonological…

This paper examines several correspondence schools that developed courses in advertising for young men and women who were interested in learning about the subject but who were not necessarily interested in attending a college or university. In addition, the paper discusses the founding of the National Home Study Council, which developed standards…

The purpose of this paper is to share the process of how one university instructor worked toward a shift to standards-based grading (SBG) in a graduate Educational Leadership program. Educational leadership programs use standards to guide coursework and instruction in an accountability era, but grading practices remain as subjective as they were…

In the context of cross-sectional surveys, the scope of research on the impact of response enhancing strategies on sample composition and nonresponse bias is vast. This topic has rarely been addressed for panel studies, however, although these are becoming an increasingly important data source in social research. In this article, we evaluate the…

Positioning and repositioning continue to be critical topics in business strategy, and yet a review of current business research syllabi from several institutions showed that very few institutions teach the analytical underpinnings of how perceptual maps can be created using multidimensional scaling and how they should be interpreted. At the…

In recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring approximate number sense (ANS)--the ability to estimate and discriminate quantities without the use of symbols. Despite the growing number of studies on ANS, there have been no cross-cultural longitudinal studies to estimate both the development of ANS and the…

A central theme in introductory and advanced chemical education courses pertains directly to the transfer of electrons between atoms, ions, or molecules. This article presents theoretical treatments of electron transfer with specific attention toward applying these principles to experiment. The goal is to revitalize teaching electron transfer at…

Curricular mimicking between undergraduate and graduate public administration, policy, and affairs degrees is an ongoing concern of program administrators. Mimicking occurs when the curricular elements of an undergraduate degree overlap those of a graduate degree. Missing from the discourse surrounding this issue is empirical evidence of…

This chapter describes the role microcredentials can play within the context of guided pathways and degree completion, illustrated through three case studies of community colleges and systems.

Despite evidence of the benefits of early care and education (ECE) for child development and family employment, the supply of providers is scarce and variable; leading many families with young children to experience limited and inequitable access. To examine the multidetermined nature of access, this study leverages a multidimensional,…