Contends that tests were not used in counseling in the mid-20th century partially as a function of the prevailing view of what constituted science. Questions the 19th-century view of science regarding testing and then moves on to assert that the 21st-century application of tests with clients requires a substantial paradigm shift. (Author/NB)

Examined relationship between temporal contingency of maternal behavior and interactional quality. Found that although prompt responding was typical, the existence of individual differences indicated that this tendency was expressed in different communicative channels. The relationship between contingency and ratings of interactional quality was…

Compares the career paths of three hypothetical retiring professors: the professorial path, which emphasizes teaching; the professional path, which emphasizes administrative advancement; or the entrepreneurial path, which emphasizes maximization of financial and business opportunities. Implications for the career paths of young faculty today are…

Optimal sequential decision rules are proposed for adapting the appropriate amount of instruction to learning needs. The framework for the approach is derived from Bayesian decision theory and the assumption that three actions (master, partial master, and nonmaster) are open to the decision maker. (SLD)

Presents an essay on the dangers of the populist tendency to aim education at the lowest common denominator; to teach misplaced egalitarianism in the service of unmerited self-esteem; or to encourage attitudes toward aesthetic appreciation of art that grants equal but undeserved stature to all works of art and entertainment. (Author)

Tested differentiation of cognitive abilities at different levels of general ability in same-aged subjects through a latent variable approach in a multiple groups design. Results for 14,720 18-year-old Swedish army conscripts support the differentiation hypothesis at least in the low and middle levels of general ability (G) but not through the…

Discusses issues of students' varied learning styles and intelligences in the career and technical education classroom. Looks at assessment and testing methods and the technology that is available to teachers to assist in the learning process. (JOW)

In this article, the author discusses the importance of encouraging self-expression among students. He contends that allowing students to share their personal interests can be of benefit to all. The students' true personalities come out and they become more comfortable with one another as the year goes on.

The role played by past cigarette consumption and individual heterogeneity in recurrent and persistent youth smoking behavior is studied. The study is based on data collected from teenagers of all the 50 United States, over a period extending from 1988 to 1992.

An attachment theory based perspective on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) is proposed. The value of attachment theory in specifying the normative course of CB expression and in identifying adaptive versus maladaptive variants of CB expression based on their deviation from this normative course is outlined. The role of individual…

Children's use of internal-state language during 2 tasks (book narration and describing a best friend) was investigated in a sample (N=38) of 7- to 9-year-olds. Proportional use of internal-state talk on the two tasks was highly positively correlated, a relation that was independent of verbosity, age, verbal ability and the use of…

The current study examined the relations among 3- to 5-year-olds' theory of mind, inhibitory control, and three measures of suggestibility: yielding to suggestive questions (yield), shifting answers in response to negative feedback (shift), and accuracy in response to misleading questions during a pressured interview about a live event. Theory of…

Motor research on individual differences views coordination abilities as major determinants of motor achievements in sports. The concept of coordination abilities is based on quantitative models such as factor analyses in which it is assumed that persons possess the same number of abilities as the number of dimensions being analyzed. One criticism…

This article introduces the special issue of the journal on the topic of youth violence as adaptation to community violence. Contrary to the predominant perspective that youth violence is a sign of dysfunction or maladaptation, the articles collected here consider whether some youth violence may have positively adaptive consequences in the face of…

The present study compared indigenous South African versus African-American schoolchildren's beliefs about aggression. Eighty 7-9 year olds (40 from each country) participated in interviews in which they were asked to make inferences about the stability, malleability, and causal origins of aggressive behaviour. Although a minority of participants…