In this study, 160 college students were asked to respond to their modes of expressing hostility. Subjects revealed differential modes of expressing hostility. These differences seem to be a function of racial and biological sex characteristics of respondents. Results suggest ways of understanding and dealing with occurrence of hostile acts.…

This study addresses three major limitations of previous research: empty nest is considered a transitional rather than an enduring state; subjective definitions are considered as well as high school graduation by the youngest child; and target groups of women at high risk for crises are explored. (Author)

This study was undertaken to extend the learned helplessness phenomenon to a clinical population and to test the competing hypotheses of Seligman and Lewinsohn. 96 male hospitalized psychiatric and medical patients were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. Results replicate the learned helplessness phenomenon in a group of…

Three studies, testing predictions derived from Seligman's helplessness model of depression and generally supported by earlier research, are reported. The first addressed the finding that depressed individuals evidence a perception of noncontingency, the second tested the prediction that undergraduates in whom helplessness had been induced would…

Investigates the role of relative deprivation (RD) and rising expectations (RE) as mediating variables between social structure and black militancy through secondary analyses of survey data of blacks living in Cleveland and Miami in the late 1960s. Alternative explanations and implications derived from the present data and the theories for the…

The types of defenses used by high and low hostility--guilt subjects in dealing with frustration--aggression situations were studied. Among males, high-guilt subjects tended to turn aggression against themselves, and use denial, repression, reaction-formation and isolation rather then expressions of hostility to the object. Female data failed to…

Attempts to discover whether direct gaze is seen as facilitating social comparison and if the relationship between direct gaze and liking is reversed when the subject is motivated to avoid social comparison. (Author/RK)

The present study explored the utility of treating self-esteem as an attitude that might be vulnerable to the same kinds of experimental manipulations usually directed at more traditional, less consequential attitudinal issues. (Author)

Extended recent research concerning effects of stressful life events. Scores for amount of recent life change correlated positively with symptoms of maladjustment and external locus of control and negatively with social interest. (Author)

Psychosynthesis is a name for the process of personal growth: our natural tendency to harmonize our various aspects at even higher levels of organization. This section considers the many subpersonalities that compose each one of us. It gives exercises in discovering them, understanding them, and getting free from their control. (Author/BP)

Clarifies the nature of communication avoidance through a structural analysis grounded in facet theory. Presents evidence for a duplex model of avoidance in which theoretical distinctions among modalities of approach-avoidance and context proved empirically relevant. Discusses implications of these findings for the explication, treatment, and…

Relations among hormone levels, emotional dispositions, and aggressive attributes were examined in 56 boys and 52 girls, aged 9 to 14 years. (PCB)

Addresses the psychological effects of torture (including solitary confinement) and the implications of torture for counseling and the counseling psychology profession. Discusses counseling issues related to diagnosis of torture victims, treatment, special considerations for counselors, use of testimony as counseling technique, and prognosis.…

Examines four novels for children, each told in the voice of a bicultural child, which express four states of cross-cultural experience--dual rejection, selective rejection, attempted dual identities, and self-created inclusive identity. (MM)

Questions why teachers persist in using red-ink pencils to mark students' papers. Draws parallels between psychological impact of red ink and associations with blood, violence, and horror. (NEC)