Good and poor student readers and adults read texts in normal format and with 13 spaces between words. Wide spacing improved comprehension for poor readers but did not affect their reading efficiency, while it substantially impaired the efficiency of the other groups. Text difficulty did not interact significantly with spacing. (SJL)

Discussed are the special applications of technology and the visual processing of verbal information by the deaf. (BD)

Forty-five 9- to 14-year-old children with learning disabilities were divided into three groups on the basis of their patterns of reading, spelling, and arithmetic achievement, and performances on 16 measures were compared. (Author/CL)

The article elaborates on the assumption that since sign languages are received and initially processed by the visual system, then the rules for the formation of signs of a sign language would be constrained by the limits of the visual system. (Author/NCR)

Reviews studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing skills such as picture viewing, visual search, and problem solving. (BD)

Children aged 6 through 9 made drawings of cubes and simple abstract designs, with or without looking at their hand. Copying errors and differences between the age groups were discussed in terms of visual realism (perspective drawing) compared with intellectual realism (structural essentials copied without a unified perspective view). (CTM)

This research was concerned with the way people identify and categorize letters and digits; the author attempted to answer which of these processes occurs first, with the focus on whether there is a logically determined sequence involved. (Author/RK)

Three forms of a symbol-digit substitution task were administered to 62 female and 96 male college students. Results support the theory that the superior performance of women over men on the Digit-Symbol Substituion subtest of the Wechsler scales is due to their greater ability to encode symbols verbally. (Author/JAC)

Experiments tested the predictions that words are perceived more accurately in strongly constraining word contexts than in weakly constraining word contexts, and that a strong perceptual advantage would be present for letters in words vs. letters alone or in unrelated-letter strings. Several alternative theories of word perception are discussed.…

Verbal and nonverbal cues were studied in a multichannel communication paradigm to assess their effect on the communication of empathy, respect, and genuineness. Counselors and clients rated videotaped interactions between counselor and client, each portraying a different combination of verbal message, trunk lean, eye contact, vocal intonation,…

Describes ways for developing visual imagery in the early childhood education program, preparing children for discrimination learning and reading instruction. (RL)

This paper investigates visible stigmas which make people unacceptable in terms of societal values. Many of these values are presented in television commercials. A content analysis of commercials shows that about 26% of them are stigma-oriented but they are not especially directed toward minority audiences. (VM)

Explores the effect of continuous training on tonal and auditory memory. Does so by comparing the auditory short-term memory skills of English and American children, ages five, six, and seven. (RKM)

Studies five-year-olds' relative number judgements of small and large number displays with and without perceptual aids. Children were found to respond to local rather than global density differences and to benefit from the provision of perceptual aids on both small and large number displays. (Author/AS)