Twenty normal-hearing, sighted subjects (ages 20-42) viewed soundless videotapes of a speaker reading lists from the two forms of the Utley Lipreading Test and three from Harris' revised Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) Everyday Sentences. Results do not support the interchange of Utley and CID sentences for test-retest comparisons of…

The study evaluated the importance to successful lipreading of a specific visual memory for mouth shape sequences in 23 hearing impaired children (11 to 16 years old) and 16 adults. Results suggested the use of sequence-memory training with articulatory shapes for lipreading instruction. (Author/SB)

Illustrated are landmarks in the development of speechreading and its role in speech perception by individuals with impaired hearing. Covered are historical influences from 1450 to the present and issues in teaching/learning speechreading, such as the most effective unit of analysis for instruction and the impact of linguistic context. (JDD)

Hearing-impaired speechreaders focus on visual characteristics of speech sounds, termed visemes. Determination of viseme groupings requires consideration of the sound's visible characteristics and articulatory differences of speakers. Coarticulation effects that modify viseme groups include vowel-context effects on consonant viseme groupings,…

This study compared speech intelligibility for sentences spoken either conversationally or in a clear manner under three conditions: auditory only, visual only, and audiovisually. Overall, in each condition, speech intelligibility improved significantly for the tokens of clear speech. Some interaction between speaker and manner of speech was…

Analysis of the data showed no significant correlation between scores from the two modalities, indicating that knowledge of a person's ability to understand speech in one system provides little information about the same person's ability to understand speech in the other. (Author/CL)

Talkers vary widely in the ease or difficulty with which they can be speechread. Examined are variables contributing to visual intelligibility, comparisons with auditory intelligibility, the range of talker differences, characteristics accounting for these differences (facial cues, extrafacial gestures, rate, and rhythm), and implications for…

This holistic approach to speechreading instruction proposes: enhancement of the child's self-motivation, strategy-based instruction, an interactive processing approach that focuses on meaning and psycholinguistic guessing, bisensory instruction, and a hierarchical continuum beginning with easy, successful activities that gradually increase in…

Three methods by which hearing adults process speechread information are discussed: selective adaptation, immediate memory, and repetition priming. Also discussed are mental representations of speech by hearing-impaired and hearing children, infants' responses to speechread stimuli compared to other stimuli, infants' speechreading of a foreign…

Hearing-impaired speechreaders use linguistic context to compensate for the poor visibility of some speech movements. Constraints on spoken language enhance speechreading performance and help compensate for the paucity of sensory data. The largest effects come from linguistic constraints imposed by sentence context--syntactic, semantic, and…

This paper, discussing use of electrical stimulation by postlingually deafened adults to supplement speechreading, focuses on: information conveyed by vision, acoustic information needed to resolve visual confusions, basic psychophysical abilities of cochlear implant patients, auditory-alone and audiovisual perception by cochlear-implant patients,…

Research is reviewed on auditory-visual speech perception of hearing-impaired individuals. The review focuses on: the effects of competing noise, filtering, age, stimulus and noise, and hearing loss on perceptual behavior; bisensory communication evaluation procedures; and remediation of bisensory perceptual problems through consonant recognition…