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Genesis D. Arizmendi – Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 2025
Purpose: Functional language proficiency is presented as a conceptual framework that builds upon cultural--linguistic assets in bilingually developing children and bridges the theory of natural translation, translanguaging, and language brokering practices. A novel task was developed based on this framework for quantifying Spanish-English…
Descriptors: Language Proficiency, Hispanic American Students, Bilingual Students, Grade 1
Smith, Lesia; Malcolm-Smith, Susan; de Vries, Petrus J. – Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 2017
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 is the "gold standard" autism spectrum disorder observational assessment, and it is increasingly used in South Africa. However, its use is limited to English speakers, as it has not been translated into the country's other 10 official languages. Moreover, the cultural appropriateness of this tool…
Descriptors: Autism, Observation, Diagnostic Tests, Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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