Background and Aims: The hypothesis that study strategies can compensate for less study time in predicting learning outcomes has often been proposed but rarely tested empirically. Methods: In the present study, 231 university students reported their daily perceived time spent on self-study, study strategies (planning, monitoring, concentration and…

Homework is a common activity among K-12 students, and numerous observational meta-analyses have confirmed the positive relationship between homework and academic performance. However, considering children's limited energy and attention, several researchers have proposed an optimum time to spend on homework. This Campbell review examines the…

Background: Virtual reality (VR) offers much potential for learning, but it challenges learners' orientation. Objectives: This paper investigates whether it is possible to use light or movement cues to facilitate orientation in a search task in a desktop-VR environment so that participants can better attend to the learning content presented…

In mathematics classrooms, it is common practice to work through a series of comparable tasks provided in a textbook. A central question in mathematics education is if tasks should be accompanied with solution methods, or if students should construct the solutions themselves. To explore the impact of these two task designs on student behavior…

Background: This study offers a comprehensive review of academic performance measurement instruments in physical activity and education settings, aiming to provide a comprehensive list of tools used for measuring academic performance in relation to variables associated with physical activity. Methods: Academic performance outcomes, including…

Multiple studies have demonstrated a positive effect of having students read books or passages that represent an instructional level of 93%-97% known words, but little is known about the potential theoretical underpinnings of those findings. The current study examined the relationship between instructional level and Csikszentmihalyi's Flow Theory,…

Interruptions are already ubiquitous throughout society, and the attention-driven economy may be training us to constantly switch tasks and refocus our attention without ever lingering on one activity. Previous studies of interruptions during work have found many negative outcomes (e.g., more errors, higher workload, slower task time) and some…

Textbooks currently include many elaborations that describe, illustrate, and explain main ideas, increasing the length of these textbook chapters. The current study investigated if the cost in additional reading time that these elaborations impose is outweighed by benefits to memory for main ideas. Given that elaborations in textbooks sometimes…

This study examines university students' multitasking with computers and mobile phones in an authentic self-study context, with the primary focus being on off-task multitasking and interruption as precursor to multitasking. The study drew on interviews, observation, and video-stimulated recall to reveal the triggers for and processes of…

Purpose: The study aims to give a descriptive account of university students' engagement with non-learning-related activities during class time and explore the relationship between off-task multitasking and learning. The predictive factors for off-task multitasking from individual, social and class-related dimensions are also examined.…

The main aim of this paper is to present results of an experimental test focused on the validity and effectiveness of composed methodology aimed at increasing the student's attention in Virtual Learning Environment. Areas of presented methodology which were subject of our research is students behavior during learning. The behavioral part of…

Background: Multitasking while reading is a commonplace activity. Many studies have been conducted examining the effect of multitasking on reading comprehension and times. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to consolidate the empirical findings on reading comprehension and times in order to understand the overall effect of multitasking on…

Many test items use both an image and text, but present them in a spatially separate manner. This format could potentially cause a split-attention effect in which the test taker's cognitive load is increased by having to split attention between the image and text, while mentally integrating the two sources of information. We investigated the…

Paying attention during academic instruction plays a significant role in learning. Students with off-task behaviors are less likely to obtain desired learning outcomes. Technology-based self-monitoring is one of the strategies designed to address this issue. This article introduces technology-based self-monitoring (TBSM) for elementary educators…

Self-monitoring of attention (SMA) promotes increased learning opportunities and greater independence for students but has been sparsely researched with high-school students. This study evaluated the effects of a self-monitoring strategy that included the use of a smartphone with a vibrating app to signal high-school students with high-incidence…